Overview
Zinc (Zn) is a bluish-white, lustrous metal and the 24th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It is primarily extracted from sphalerite (zinc sulfide) ores. Zinc is essential for biological functions in humans and is used industrially for galvanization, alloys, and batteries. Historically, zinc was used in brass production as early as 1400 BC. Today, it ranks fourth in global metal consumption after iron, aluminum, and copper, with China being the largest producer. Its recyclability and corrosion resistance make it a sustainable choice for construction and automotive industries.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Zinc is a moderately reactive metal that tarnishes in moist air, forming a protective layer of zinc carbonate. It has a hexagonal crystal structure and exhibits diamagnetism. The metal is brittle at room temperature but becomes malleable at 100–150°C. Chemically, zinc reacts with acids to release hydrogen gas and forms zinc salts. It also displaces less reactive metals (e.g., copper, lead) from solutions via redox reactions. Its electrical conductivity is about 28% that of copper, making it useful in batteries and coatings.
Main Applications
Over 50% of zinc is used for galvanizing steel to prevent rust, particularly in construction (roofing, beams) and automotive parts. Zinc alloys like brass (copper-zinc) and Zamak (zinc-aluminum) are vital for die-casting components, musical instruments, and hardware. In chemicals, zinc oxide is a UV-blocker in sunscreens and rubber. Zinc sulfate supplements address deficiencies, while zinc-carbon and zinc-air batteries power small devices. Emerging uses include zinc-ion batteries for renewable energy storage.
Safety and Storage
Zinc poses low toxicity but requires precautions. Inhalation of zinc oxide fumes (e.g., during welding) can cause metal fume fever, with flu-like symptoms. Dust may irritate skin and eyes; use PPE like gloves and goggles. Store zinc ingots or powder in sealed containers away from acids, oxidizers, and humidity to prevent oxidation. For transport, follow IMDG/IATA regulations for Class 4.3 (water-reactive substances) if in powder form. Spills should be contained with inert absorbents.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should prioritize purity (e.g., SHG zinc at 99.995% for galvanizing) and form (ingots, dust, or slabs). Verify supplier compliance with ASTM B6 or ISO 752 for quality standards. Monitor LME (London Metal Exchange) prices, which fluctuate with energy costs and demand. Long-term contracts may hedge against volatility. For niche uses (e.g., pharmaceuticals), opt for high-purity zinc from certified producers like Nyrstar or Glencore.
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