Zinc Oxide[2]
Overview
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an inorganic compound with a hexagonal crystal structure, known for its versatility across industries. It occurs naturally as the mineral zincite but is typically synthesized for commercial use. Historically dubbed 'philosopher's wool' by alchemists, modern production methods include direct (American) and indirect (French) processes, yielding varying particle sizes and purities. As a multifunctional material, ZnO exhibits unique optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties, making it indispensable in sectors like electronics, cosmetics, and healthcare. Its eco-friendly profile and broad regulatory approval further enhance its industrial appeal.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Zinc oxide appears as a fine white powder with a density of 5.606 g/cm³. It is amphoteric, reacting with both acids and bases to form salts. The compound has a high melting point (1975°C) and boiling point (2360°C), ensuring stability under extreme conditions. Its wide bandgap (3.37 eV) and large exciton binding energy (60 meV) make it valuable in semiconductors and optoelectronics. Notably, ZnO is insoluble in water but dissolves in acidic or alkaline solutions. It exhibits strong UV absorption, particularly in the UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (280–320 nm) ranges, which underpins its use in sunscreens. Its antibacterial and photocatalytic activity further expands its utility in medical and environmental applications.
Main Applications
In rubber manufacturing, zinc oxide acts as an activator for vulcanization, improving durability and heat resistance. The ceramics industry relies on it for glazes and pigments due to its opacity and thermal stability. In cosmetics, especially sunscreens, ZnO's UV-blocking properties provide broad-spectrum protection without skin irritation. The pharmaceutical sector uses it in ointments for its antiseptic and wound-healing effects. Emerging applications include transparent conductive films for solar cells, gas sensors, and photocatalytic water treatment. Its role in varistors (voltage-dependent resistors) highlights its importance in electronics for surge protection.
Safety and Storage
While zinc oxide is generally non-toxic, prolonged inhalation of dust may cause respiratory irritation. Industrial handling requires dust masks, gloves, and eye protection. Storage should prioritize dry, cool environments to prevent moisture absorption, which can affect reactivity and dispersion properties. Containers must be tightly sealed and labeled according to GHS standards. Incompatible materials include strong acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid) and reducing agents, which may cause hazardous reactions. Spills should be contained and cleaned with inert absorbents, avoiding dry sweeping to minimize airborne particles.
B2B Procurement Guide
Buyers should specify purity levels (industrial-grade ≥99%, pharmaceutical-grade ≥99.9%) and particle size (nanoparticles vs. micronized) based on application needs. Nano-ZnO commands higher prices due to specialized production processes. Key certifications include USP, BP, or ISO 9001 for quality assurance. Bulk purchases (metric tons) typically offer cost advantages, with prices influenced by zinc market fluctuations. Suppliers in China, the U.S., and Europe dominate global trade. Due diligence should include testing for heavy metal contaminants (e.g., lead, cadmium) and assessing supply chain reliability for consistent quality.
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