Overview
Valeronitrile, chemically known as pentanenitrile, is an organic nitrile compound with a five-carbon alkyl chain. It serves as a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis, particularly for producing pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and specialty chemicals. The compound's reactivity stems from its nitrile functional group, which can be converted into various derivatives through hydrolysis, reduction, or other chemical reactions. Industrially, it's produced through the ammoxidation of pentane or by the dehydration of butylamine derivatives. As a solvent, valeronitrile is valued for its ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds while offering moderate polarity. Its relatively high boiling point makes it suitable for reactions requiring elevated temperatures. The global market for valeronitrile is primarily driven by demand from the pharmaceutical sector, where it's used in synthesizing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other fine chemicals.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Valeronitrile presents as a colorless, mobile liquid with a distinctive almond-like odor characteristic of many nitrile compounds. It has a density slightly lower than water (0.80 g/cm³) and a boiling point of 141-142°C, which makes it relatively easy to handle compared to more volatile nitriles. The compound's freezing point is -96°C, indicating good low-temperature stability. Chemically, valeronitrile is stable under normal conditions but can react with strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents. The nitrile group (-C≡N) is polar, contributing to the compound's ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar substances. Its vapor pressure at 20°C is approximately 6 mmHg, and the autoignition temperature is reported around 450°C. These properties are crucial for determining appropriate handling and storage conditions in industrial settings.
Main Applications
In the pharmaceutical industry, valeronitrile serves as a key building block for synthesizing various drugs, particularly those containing five-carbon chains or requiring nitrile intermediates. It's used in manufacturing certain vasodilators, antidepressants, and antiviral medications. The agrochemical sector utilizes valeronitrile for producing pesticides and herbicides, where its nitrile group can be transformed into other functional groups. The compound also finds application as a specialty solvent for chemical reactions where its moderate polarity and high boiling point are advantageous. In research laboratories, valeronitrile is employed as a reagent for organic synthesis and as a solvent for spectroscopic studies. Some niche applications include its use in the production of synthetic flavors and fragrances, though this represents a smaller segment of its overall usage.
Safety and Storage
Valeronitrile requires careful handling due to its toxicity and flammability. It is classified as harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or in contact with skin (GHS hazard statements H302, H312, H332). Appropriate personal protective equipment including gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection should be used when handling the chemical, especially in vapor form. Storage should be in tightly sealed containers made of compatible materials (stainless steel or certain plastics) in cool, well-ventilated areas away from heat sources and oxidizers. Fire protection measures should be in place as the liquid and its vapors are flammable. Spill containment procedures should address both the flammability and toxicity aspects, using absorbent materials that are chemically resistant. Proper disposal must follow local regulations for hazardous organic compounds.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring valeronitrile for industrial use, buyers should specify required purity levels (typically 98% or higher for most applications) and verify the CAS number (110-59-8). Reputable suppliers should provide detailed certificates of analysis including impurity profiles. For pharmaceutical applications, GMP-grade material may be required. Consider transportation and storage requirements when ordering, as hazardous material shipping regulations apply. Bulk purchases (drum quantities or larger) typically offer better pricing but require appropriate storage facilities. Just-in-time delivery may be preferable for some users to minimize storage risks. Quality assurance should include verification of water content and absence of significant impurities that could affect downstream reactions. Long-term supply agreements may be advantageous given potential market fluctuations.
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