Overview
n-Valeroyl Chloride is an organic compound belonging to the acyl chloride family, characterized by its reactive carbonyl chloride (-COCl) group. It is primarily synthesized through the reaction of valeric acid with thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride. As a versatile intermediate, it plays a critical role in introducing the valeryl moiety into larger molecules. Industrially, it adheres to Chinese GB standards (国标) for consistency in purity and reactivity. Its applications span pharmaceuticals (e.g., active ingredient synthesis), agrochemicals (pesticide production), and specialty chemicals, where it acts as a building block for esters and amides.
Physical and Chemical Properties
n-Valeroyl Chloride is a volatile liquid with a pungent odor, typical of acyl chlorides. It reacts violently with water, alcohols, and amines, releasing hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas—a key consideration for handling. Its density (1.02 g/cm³) and boiling point (125–127°C) make it suitable for controlled distillation processes. The compound’s reactivity stems from its electrophilic carbonyl carbon, enabling nucleophilic substitution reactions. It is thermally stable under inert conditions but decomposes upon prolonged exposure to moisture. Solubility in nonpolar solvents like hexane or toluene facilitates its use in organic synthesis.
Main Applications
In pharmaceuticals, n-Valeroyl Chloride is used to synthesize valproate derivatives, such as valproic acid (an anticonvulsant). It also serves as a precursor for fragrances (e.g., valerate esters) and plasticizers. Agrochemical manufacturers employ it to produce herbicides and fungicides with enhanced efficacy. Additionally, it is utilized in polymer chemistry to modify resin properties and in research laboratories for peptide coupling reactions. Its ability to acylate amines and alcohols makes it indispensable in fine chemical production, though alternatives like anhydrides are sometimes preferred for safety.
Safety and Storage
Due to its corrosive nature and HCl gas emission upon hydrolysis, n-Valeroyl Chloride requires stringent safety measures. Storage mandates airtight containers (glass or stainless steel) under nitrogen to prevent moisture ingress. Work areas must have acid-resistant ventilation and spill kits. Personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical goggles, nitrile gloves, and aprons, is mandatory. In case of exposure, immediate flushing with water and medical attention are critical. Transport regulations classify it as a Class 8 corrosive substance, requiring UN/ADR labeling for logistics.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring n-Valeroyl Chloride, prioritize suppliers with GB compliance and batch-specific Certificates of Analysis (CoA). Key parameters include purity (≥98%), water content (<0.5%), and absence of heavy metals. Bulk buyers should negotiate pricing for drum (200 kg) or IBC (1,000 kg) quantities. Logistics planning should account for hazardous material shipping costs and storage infrastructure. Establish long-term contracts with reliable manufacturers to mitigate supply chain disruptions. Sample testing is recommended to verify consistency in reactivity and impurity profiles.
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