Overview
Urea solution, also known as aqueous urea or urea-water solution, is a liquid formulation of urea dissolved in water. It is widely used in various industries due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness. The most common concentration for industrial and automotive applications is 32.5%, known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) in the automotive sector. Urea solution is non-toxic and non-flammable, making it relatively safe to handle under normal conditions. Its primary component, urea, is a nitrogen-rich compound that plays a critical role in agriculture as a fertilizer and in automotive systems for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Urea solution is a clear, colorless to slightly yellowish liquid with a density of approximately 1.09 g/cm³ for a 32.5% concentration. It is fully miscible with water, and its boiling point is close to that of water (around 100°C). The solution is stable under normal storage conditions but can crystallize at temperatures below -11°C. The chemical stability of urea solution makes it suitable for long-term storage if kept in appropriate conditions. However, exposure to high temperatures or direct sunlight can lead to decomposition, releasing ammonia and carbon dioxide. This property is leveraged in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems in vehicles, where urea solution breaks down to reduce harmful emissions.
Main Applications
In agriculture, urea solution is a popular nitrogen fertilizer due to its high nitrogen content (46%) and ease of application. It provides essential nutrients to crops, promoting growth and increasing yield. The solution is often applied via irrigation systems or foliar sprays. In the automotive industry, urea solution (as DEF) is used in SCR systems to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel engines. The solution is injected into the exhaust stream, where it decomposes into ammonia, reacting with NOx to form harmless nitrogen and water. Industrial applications include chemical synthesis, where urea serves as a raw material for resins, adhesives, and other compounds.
Safety and Storage
Urea solution is generally safe to handle, but prolonged skin contact should be avoided to prevent irritation. Protective gloves and eyewear are recommended when handling large quantities. The solution is non-flammable and not classified as hazardous under normal conditions. Storage should be in cool, dry places away from direct sunlight. Containers must be tightly closed to prevent contamination and evaporation. In cold climates, heating or insulated storage may be necessary to prevent crystallization. If crystallization occurs, the solution can be restored by gentle warming and stirring.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring urea solution, buyers should verify the concentration, typically 32.5% for DEF applications. Certifications such as ISO 22241 ensure quality and compatibility with SCR systems. Bulk purchases often come in IBC tanks or drums, while smaller quantities may be available in canisters. Price varies based on purity, concentration, and supplier location. For reference, prices range from $200 to $400 per ton. Long-term contracts with suppliers can secure stable pricing and ensure consistent quality. Buyers should also consider logistics, as urea solution is heavy and requires proper handling during transportation.
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