Overview
Urea granules are a concentrated nitrogen fertilizer available in two primary size variants: large granules (2-4 mm) and small granules (0.8-2 mm). The size differentiation primarily affects application methods and dissolution rates. Large granules are preferred for mechanical spreading equipment due to reduced dust and better flow characteristics, while small granules offer faster nutrient release. As the world's most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer, urea granules account for over 50% of global nitrogen fertilizer consumption. Their popularity stems from high nitrogen content (46%), relatively low production costs, and versatility in agricultural and industrial applications.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Urea granules exhibit a white crystalline appearance with a neutral pH (6.0-7.5 in solution), making them compatible with most soils. The material is hygroscopic, absorbing moisture from the air, which necessitates proper storage conditions to prevent caking. Granules are typically coated with anti-caking agents like kaolin or diatomaceous earth. Chemically, urea undergoes hydrolysis in soil through the enzyme urease, converting to ammonium carbonate. This process is temperature-dependent, with complete conversion taking 2-4 days in warm soils (25°C) versus 1-2 weeks in cooler conditions (10°C). The granules have excellent water solubility (108 g/100 mL at 20°C), facilitating rapid nutrient availability when dissolved.
Main Applications
In agriculture, urea granules serve as a primary nitrogen source for crops including cereals, oilseeds, and vegetables. Large granules are favored for broadcast application in field crops, while small granules work well for fertigation systems and foliar sprays. The fertilizer boosts vegetative growth and protein synthesis in plants. Beyond agriculture, urea granules find use as a non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source in ruminant animal feeds (typically limited to 1% of total ration). Industrial applications include manufacturing urea-formaldehyde resins, adhesives, and as a reducing agent in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems for diesel engine emissions control.
Safety and Storage
Urea granules require storage in moisture-proof containers or silos with relative humidity below 70%. Prolonged exposure to humid conditions causes caking and quality degradation. Storage areas should be well-ventilated and separated from strong oxidizers, acids, and bases. While urea has low acute toxicity, dust inhalation should be avoided through proper respiratory protection during handling. Skin contact may cause mild irritation, warranting gloves and protective clothing. In case of fire, use water spray as urea decomposes at high temperatures, releasing toxic gases including ammonia and nitrogen oxides.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should specify granule size distribution (typically 90% within target range), moisture content (maximum 0.5%), and biuret content (below 1.0% for agricultural use). Request certificates of analysis for nitrogen content verification. For bulk shipments, inspect for proper anti-caking treatment and absence of foreign materials. Consider transportation logistics - large granules withstand mechanical handling better during loading/unloading. Evaluate suppliers based on consistent quality, production capacity, and ability to provide customized coatings (e.g., sulfur-coated urea for controlled release). Price negotiations often involve volume discounts for shipments exceeding 1,000 metric tons.
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