Overview
Thiram, chemically known as tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), is an organosulfur compound belonging to the dithiocarbamate class. It was first introduced in the 1930s as a rubber vulcanization accelerator and later adopted as an agricultural fungicide. Its dual functionality makes it valuable in both industrial and agricultural sectors. As a fungicide, thiram is particularly effective against soil-borne pathogens and seed-borne diseases. It is commonly applied as a seed treatment to protect crops like cereals, vegetables, and fruits during early growth stages. The compound works by disrupting fungal enzyme systems, preventing spore germination and mycelial growth.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Thiram appears as a white to yellow crystalline powder with a characteristic sulfurous odor. It is stable under normal conditions but decomposes upon heating, releasing toxic gases including nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. The compound is only slightly soluble in water (30 mg/L at 25°C) but shows good solubility in many organic solvents. Its chemical stability is moderate, but it can react with strong oxidizing agents. Thiram is incompatible with copper-based compounds and alkaline materials, which can reduce its efficacy as a fungicide. The molecular structure features two thiocarbamate groups connected by a disulfide bridge, which is key to its biological activity.
Main Applications
In agriculture, thiram is primarily used as a protective fungicide for seed treatment, preventing diseases like smut, bunt, and damping-off in various crops. It's applied as a dry powder or slurry coating at rates typically ranging from 1-3 grams per kilogram of seed. Some formulations combine thiram with other fungicides for broader spectrum protection. Beyond agriculture, thiram serves as a secondary vulcanization accelerator in rubber production, where it helps control the curing process. It's also used in animal repellent products and as a bacteriostat in soaps and cosmetics, though these applications are less common due to regulatory restrictions in many countries.
Safety and Storage
While thiram has relatively low acute toxicity to mammals (LD50 > 500 mg/kg in rats), chronic exposure can cause skin and eye irritation, and it's classified as a possible human carcinogen. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, goggles, and respirators should be used when handling the chemical. Storage requires attention to temperature control and moisture prevention. Thiram should be kept in its original tightly sealed containers, away from food and feed. The compound is stable for about two years when stored properly, but formulations may have shorter shelf lives. Fire hazards exist due to decomposition products, so firefighting equipment should be accessible in storage areas.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring thiram for commercial use, buyers should first confirm the intended application to ensure compliance with local regulations. Agricultural use typically requires 95-98% pure technical grade material, while industrial applications may accept lower purity grades. Key procurement considerations include verifying the CAS number (137-26-8), requesting certificates of analysis for purity and impurity profiles, and checking for relevant certifications like ISO or GMP where applicable. Bulk purchases (metric ton quantities) generally offer significant cost savings, but storage capacity and shelf life should be evaluated. Lead times can vary seasonally, with higher demand during planting seasons.
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