Overview
Squalane is a hydrogenated derivative of squalene, originally sourced from shark liver oil but now predominantly produced from plant sources like sugarcane or olives. It is prized for its exceptional stability compared to squalene, as hydrogenation eliminates oxidative degradation. This makes it a preferred ingredient in formulations requiring long shelf life. In industrial contexts, squalane serves as a high-performance lubricant and emollient. Its biocompatibility and non-toxic nature have expanded its use into pharmaceutical applications, particularly in drug delivery systems and topical formulations.
Physical and Chemical Properties
As a fully saturated hydrocarbon, squalane exhibits remarkable chemical inertness. Its low viscosity and non-polar nature contribute to excellent spreadability, while its thermal stability allows use in high-temperature applications up to 200°C. The absence of double bonds prevents rancidity, a critical advantage over squalene. Notably, squalane demonstrates unique compatibility with both organic solvents and lipids, enabling versatile formulation possibilities. Its refractive index (1.453-1.457) matches human sebum, making it valuable for optical applications in cosmetics and medical devices.
Main Applications
In cosmetics, squalane functions as an emollient, solvent, and carrier oil in moisturizers, sunscreens, and makeup products. Its molecular structure closely resembles natural skin lipids, enhancing product absorption without clogging pores. Pharmaceutical grades are used in vaccine adjuvants and transdermal drug delivery systems. Industrial applications include precision instrument lubricants, transformer oils, and release agents for plastic manufacturing. Recent innovations employ squalane as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in specialty coatings and adhesives.
Safety and Storage
Squalane requires minimal special handling but should be protected from strong oxidizers. Bulk storage in stainless steel or HDPE containers is recommended. While non-hazardous per GHS criteria, workplace exposure limits follow general hydrocarbon guidelines (typically 5 mg/m³ for oil mist). Ecotoxicity studies show low environmental impact, with biodegradation exceeding 60% within 28 days (OECD 301B). Plant-derived squalane is vegan-certifiable and avoids the ecological concerns associated with shark-sourced variants. Regulatory compliance includes REACH, FDA 21 CFR, and EU Cosmetics Regulation.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing squalane, prioritize suppliers with transparent sourcing documentation and batch-specific Certificates of Analysis. Key specifications include peroxide value (<1 meq/kg), acid value (<0.1 mg KOH/g), and unsaponifiable matter content. Pharmaceutical-grade material typically requires additional testing for residual hydrogenation catalysts. For large-volume purchases (1+ metric tons), consider contract manufacturing agreements with tolling options. Spot market prices fluctuate with olive oil and sugarcane feedstock costs. Sustainable procurement strategies may qualify for ESG incentives, particularly in EU markets.
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