Overview
Spirotetramat is a tetramic acid derivative developed by Bayer CropScience as a systemic insecticide. It belongs to the ketoenol chemical class and is classified as a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (Group 23 by IRAC). The compound is absorbed by plants and distributed systemically, making it effective against hidden or mobile pests. First introduced in 2008, spirotetramat has gained popularity due to its unique translaminar and xylem-mobility properties. It targets immature and adult stages of sucking pests while being compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Regulatory approvals exist in over 70 countries for various crops.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Spirotetramat appears as colorless to pale yellow crystals with a melting point range of 142-144°C. The compound is stable under normal storage conditions but may decompose at temperatures above 200°C. Its vapor pressure is negligible (2×10^-7 Pa at 25°C), indicating low volatility. The insecticide shows moderate solubility in water (20 mg/L at 20°C) but dissolves readily in organic solvents like acetone (>250 g/L) and ethanol (88 g/L). Its octanol-water partition coefficient (log Pow) of 2.5 suggests balanced lipophilicity for plant penetration without excessive soil binding. Hydrolysis occurs slowly at neutral pH but accelerates under alkaline conditions.
Main Applications
Spirotetramat provides effective control against economically important sucking pests including aphids (Aphididae), whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), scales (Coccidae), and psyllids (Psyllidae). Primary application crops include citrus fruits, pome fruits, stone fruits, vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers), cotton, and ornamentals. The compound is typically applied as a foliar spray at rates of 75-150 g active ingredient per hectare. Its systemic activity ensures protection of new plant growth for 4-8 weeks post-application. Spirotetramat is often used in rotation with other insecticides to prevent resistance development. Some formulations combine it with acaricides for broader pest spectrum control.
Safety and Storage
Spirotetramat is classified as WHO toxicity class III (slightly hazardous) with an acute oral LD50 >2,000 mg/kg in rats. However, it shows moderate toxicity to aquatic invertebrates (Daphnia magna EC50 0.1 mg/L) and should not contaminate water bodies. Proper PPE including gloves, goggles, and respirators is recommended during handling. Store original containers in well-ventilated areas between 0-35°C, separated from food/feed. Shelf life typically exceeds 2 years when stored properly. In case of spills, absorb with inert material and dispose according to local regulations. Triple-rinse empty containers before disposal or recycling.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing spirotetramat, prioritize suppliers with valid manufacturing licenses and ISO 9001 certification. Request certificates of analysis (CoA) confirming purity (typically 95-98% technical grade) and impurity profiles. Bulk purchases (25kg drums) commonly offer 10-15% cost savings compared to small packages. Verify import regulations in target markets as some countries restrict certain formulations. Consider premixed formulations with other actives for specific crop-pest combinations. Lead times for international shipments typically range 4-8 weeks. Establish long-term contracts with suppliers to ensure stable pricing and availability during peak seasons.
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