Overview
Calcium oxide, commonly called quicklime or burnt lime, is a cornerstone industrial chemical produced by calcining limestone (calcium carbonate) at high temperatures. It is classified into grades based on purity, with 'secondary quicklime' (二级生石灰) typically containing 85–90% CaO. Its reactivity with water and acidic substances makes it indispensable across metallurgy, environmental treatment, and construction. Historically, quicklime has been used since antiquity for mortar and plaster. Modern production involves rotary kilns or shaft furnaces, with China being the largest global producer. B2B buyers often procure it in bulk (bags or tanker trucks) for large-scale industrial processes.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Calcium oxide appears as a white, odorless solid with a crystalline structure. Its high melting point (2,613°C) and density (3.34 g/cm³) reflect ionic bonding. The compound reacts vigorously with water in an exothermic process (ΔH = −63.7 kJ/mol), forming calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). This property necessitates dry storage to prevent unintended hydration. Quicklime is also a strong base, neutralizing acids to form salts. It absorbs CO₂ from air over time, reverting to calcium carbonate. Industrial-grade material may contain impurities like silica or magnesium oxide, affecting reactivity. Thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity are notable in high-temperature applications.
Main Applications
In steelmaking, quicklime removes impurities (e.g., silica, phosphorus) as slag. It is also used in basic oxygen furnaces to refine pig iron. Environmental applications include pH adjustment in water treatment and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) to reduce SO₂ emissions. The construction sector relies on calcium oxide for cement and lime mortar, where it improves workability and durability. Smaller-scale uses include soil stabilization in agriculture and chemical synthesis (e.g., calcium stearate). Emerging applications involve waste incineration and biodiesel production, leveraging its catalytic properties.
Safety and Storage
Quicklime is classified as corrosive (GHS Category 1B). Contact with skin or eyes causes severe burns, and inhalation of dust leads to respiratory irritation. PPE such as chemical-resistant gloves, face shields, and NIOSH-approved respirators are mandatory during handling. Storage requires airtight, moisture-proof containers—often lined bags or silos with desiccants. Avoid proximity to acids or organic materials. Spills should be neutralized with dry sand or vermiculite, never water. Facilities must have emergency eyewash stations and ventilation systems to manage dust exposure.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 certification and batch-specific COAs (Certificates of Analysis). Key specifications include CaO content (≥90% for secondary grade), reactivity (measured by slaking rate), and particle size (e.g., 1–5 cm for furnace use). Logistics considerations include bulk delivery options (e.g., pneumatic trucks for powder) and regional pricing variations. Contracts often include clauses for moisture protection during transit. Spot prices fluctuate with limestone availability and energy costs, with long-term agreements offering stability.
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