Overview
Litharge, or yellow lead oxide (PbO), is an inorganic compound primarily produced by oxidizing molten lead. It exists in two crystalline forms: tetragonal (litharge) and orthorhombic (massicot). The yellow tetragonal variety is more common in industrial applications. As a byproduct of lead recycling processes, recovered litharge retains the chemical properties of virgin material but requires purification for high-end uses. Its affordability and functional properties make it essential in multiple industries, though strict handling protocols are necessary due to lead toxicity.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Litharge appears as a fine yellow powder with a high density of 9.53 g/cm³, contributing to its use in radiation shielding and weighted applications. It melts at 888°C and exhibits low solubility in water but reacts with acids to form lead salts. The compound’s electrical properties make it valuable in battery electrodes, while its ability to lower melting points in glass formulations (as a flux) is leveraged in specialty glasses and ceramics. Its stability at high temperatures ensures consistent performance in metallurgical processes.
Main Applications
Over 75% of litharge is consumed by lead-acid battery manufacturers, where it forms the active material in plates. In glass production, it enhances refractive index and durability for optical and radiation-shielding glass. Ceramic industries use it as a glaze component for color development and thermal expansion control. Additional uses include rubber vulcanization accelerators, lead stabilizers for PVC, and pigments (e.g., chrome yellow). Recovered litharge is often reprocessed for these applications after impurity removal.
Safety and Storage
Litharge is classified as toxic (H302, H332, H360) and requires OSHA-compliant PPE (gloves, respirators) during handling. Storage areas must be labeled, dry, and segregated from food products. Spills should be contained with inert absorbents. Workers must undergo blood lead monitoring in regular operations. For transport, UN 2291 packaging and lead-specific regulations apply. Recycling facilities must adhere to EPA/REACH standards for emissions and waste disposal to minimize environmental impact.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 certification and batch-level purity analysis (≥98.5% PbO typical for batteries). Spot purchases commonly range from 1-25 metric tons, with bulk discounts available. Verify traceability documentation for recycled content if sustainability is a priority. Logistics planning must account for hazardous material surcharges. Alternatives like leady oxide (PbO-Pb mixture) may offer cost savings for less demanding applications.
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