Overview
R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) is a naturally occurring phycobiliprotein extracted from red algae, known for its bright fluorescence and stability. It belongs to the phycobiliprotein family, which includes other pigments like phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. R-PE is particularly valued for its high molar extinction coefficient and quantum yield, making it a superior fluorescent label compared to synthetic dyes. In biotechnology and diagnostics, R-PE is conjugated to antibodies, streptavidin, or other biomolecules to enable sensitive detection in assays. Its robustness under various pH and temperature conditions further enhances its utility in research and clinical settings.
Physical and Chemical Properties
R-PE is a large protein complex with a molecular weight of approximately 240 kDa. It exhibits strong absorption peaks at 496, 546, and 565 nm, with a fluorescence emission peak at 578 nm (orange-red). The protein is composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, each bearing phycoerythrobilin chromophores that contribute to its fluorescence. Its solubility in aqueous buffers and stability across a pH range of 4-10 make it versatile for labeling applications. However, prolonged exposure to light or extreme temperatures can degrade its fluorescence. Suppliers often provide R-PE in lyophilized powder or glycerol-based solutions to extend shelf life.
Main Applications
R-PE is extensively used in flow cytometry for multicolor staining, where its brightness allows detection of low-abundance cell markers. It is also employed in immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize specific antigens in tissues or cells. In diagnostic kits, R-PE conjugates enhance the sensitivity of ELISA and lateral flow assays. Beyond biomedical research, R-PE serves as a tracer in environmental monitoring, such as detecting algal blooms. Its non-toxic nature and natural origin make it preferable to synthetic fluorophores in food and cosmetic testing.
Safety and Storage
While R-PE is generally non-toxic, precautions should be taken to avoid inhalation or skin contact, as it may cause mild irritation. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles when handling. Storage at 2-8°C in dark conditions is critical to preserve fluorescence; repeated freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided. For long-term storage, lyophilized R-PE is stable for years at -20°C, while solutions in glycerol or buffer retain activity for months. Always check for precipitation or color changes before use, as these indicate degradation.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing R-PE, prioritize suppliers that provide certificates of analysis (CoA) detailing purity (≥90%), absorbance ratios (A565/A280 >4), and endotoxin levels (<1 EU/µg). Batch-to-batch consistency is crucial for reproducible experiments, so request sample data or small trial quantities before large purchases. Pricing varies based on purity, conjugation status (e.g., antibody-labeled), and volume. Bulk orders (10+ mg) may offer discounts. Consider logistical factors like cold-chain shipping and supplier lead times, especially for time-sensitive projects.
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