Overview
Pyrogallol, or 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, is a polyphenolic compound derived from gallic acid. First isolated in 1786, it is primarily synthesized by decarboxylation of gallic acid under heating. Its three hydroxyl groups make it a potent reducing agent, lending utility in diverse industrial processes. In B2B contexts, pyrogallol is traded as a fine chemical, with purity levels typically ranging from 98% to 99.5%. It is classified as hazardous due to its toxicity and reactivity, necessitating strict compliance with safety protocols during handling and transportation.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Pyrogallol crystallizes as colorless to light brown needles or powder, darkening upon exposure to air due to oxidation. It exhibits high solubility in polar solvents like water (43 g/100 mL at 25°C) and ethanol, forming weakly acidic solutions (pKa ≈ 9.0). Key chemical behaviors include rapid oxidation in alkaline solutions (forming purpurogallin) and chelation of metal ions like iron and copper. Its redox properties are exploited in analytical chemistry, such as in gas purification to absorb oxygen.
Main Applications
The largest use of pyrogallol is in hair dye formulations, where it reacts with metal salts to create long-lasting pigments. It also serves as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, converting silver halides to metallic silver. Other niche applications include oxygen absorption in gas analysis, wood adhesive synthesis, and as a precursor for pharmaceuticals. In laboratories, it is employed as a reagent for detecting enzymes like polyphenol oxidase.
Safety and Storage
Pyrogallol is classified as harmful (H302/H312/H315) under GHS. Prolonged skin contact may cause dermatitis, while ingestion can lead to kidney and liver damage. Always use personal protective equipment (PPE) and work in well-ventilated areas. Store in amber glass or polyethylene containers under inert gas (e.g., nitrogen) to prevent oxidation. Shelf life is approximately 2 years when stored below 25°C. Dispose of waste via licensed hazardous waste handlers.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing pyrogallol, prioritize suppliers providing batch-specific Certificates of Analysis (CoA) detailing purity, heavy metal content, and residual solvents. Technical-grade (≥98%) suits most industrial uses, while HPLC-grade (≥99.5%) is needed for research. Bulk orders (100+ kg) often attract 10–15% discounts. Consider regional logistics—European and Chinese manufacturers dominate supply. Verify REACH or TSCA compliance based on destination markets.
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