Overview
Calmodulin (CaM) is a highly conserved calcium-sensing protein present in all eukaryotic cells, including plants. It acts as a primary intracellular calcium receptor, translating Ca²⁺ fluctuations into cellular responses. Discovered in 1970, it consists of 148 amino acids with four EF-hand calcium-binding domains. In plants, calmodulin regulates processes like germination, tropisms, and stress responses. Its small size and stability make it ideal for structural studies. Recombinant versions are widely used in research and industrial applications due to consistent quality.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Plant calmodulin shares ~90% sequence homology with animal variants but exhibits minor functional adaptations. It is heat-stable (survives 90°C) and acidic (pI ~4.0). The protein undergoes conformational changes upon binding calcium, exposing hydrophobic surfaces for target interaction. Its molecular weight is approximately 16.7 kDa, with a compact globular structure. Solubility exceeds 10 mg/mL in aqueous buffers. Unlike some animal isoforms, plant calmodulin lacks trimethyllysine modifications, affecting certain antibody recognition.
Main Applications
In biotechnology, calmodulin is used in calcium biosensors and affinity purification systems (e.g., calmodulin-binding peptide tags). It's essential for studying calcium-dependent enzymes like kinases and phosphatases. Industrially, it serves in diagnostic kits for calcium-related disorders. Plant-derived calmodulin is preferred for agricultural research, particularly in studying abiotic stress responses. Recent applications include nano-biomaterials due to its self-assembly properties.
Safety and Storage
While non-toxic, calmodulin powder may cause irritation if inhaled. Use PPE and work in ventilated areas. Long-term storage requires -20°C in lyophilized form; avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles in solution. For B2B shipments, cold chain logistics are recommended. Stability tests show <5% degradation after 2 years at -20°C when properly desiccated. Contamination with proteases is a common quality issue—verify supplier certificates of analysis.
B2B Procurement Guide
Key specifications include purity (>95% by SDS-PAGE), source organism (e.g., Arabidopsis), and absence of endotoxins. Bulk orders (1g+) typically cost 20-30% less per mg. Leading suppliers include Sigma-Aldrich, Abcam, and specialty biotechnology firms. For research use, recombinant E. coli-expressed variants offer cost efficiency. GMP-grade material (for diagnostics) commands 3-5x higher prices. Request batch-specific activity data and MSDS documentation during procurement.
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