Overview
Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring alkaloid extracted from the leaves of plants in the genus Pilocarpus, primarily found in South America. It belongs to the imidazole alkaloid class and acts as a cholinergic agonist, stimulating muscarinic receptors. Historically, it has been used by indigenous peoples for its medicinal properties, and today it is a critical component in modern pharmaceuticals. Pilocarpine's significance in medicine stems from its ability to induce sweating, salivation, and tear production, making it invaluable for treating conditions like glaucoma and xerostomia. Its pharmacological effects are well-documented, and it is often used in ophthalmic solutions and oral tablets.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Pilocarpine is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 208.26 g/mol. It has a melting point between 173-175 °C and a density of 1.23 g/cm³. The compound is soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform, which facilitates its formulation into various pharmaceutical products. Chemically, pilocarpine is stable under normal storage conditions but should be protected from light and moisture to prevent degradation. Its cholinergic activity is due to its interaction with muscarinic receptors, which plays a key role in its therapeutic applications.
Main Applications
Pilocarpine is primarily used in the treatment of glaucoma, where it reduces intraocular pressure by constricting the pupil and facilitating aqueous humor outflow. It is also prescribed for xerostomia (dry mouth), particularly in patients undergoing radiation therapy or suffering from Sjögren's syndrome. In addition to these uses, pilocarpine is employed in diagnostic procedures in ophthalmology to test the integrity of the pupillary reflex. Its ability to stimulate secretions makes it useful in certain clinical scenarios, though its systemic side effects limit broader applications.
Safety and Storage
Pilocarpine should be handled with care to avoid skin and eye contact, as it can cause irritation. Proper personal protective equipment, such as gloves and goggles, should be worn when handling the compound. Storage conditions should be cool, dry, and away from light to maintain stability. Pharmaceutical-grade pilocarpine must comply with strict regulatory standards to ensure safety and efficacy. Improper storage or handling can lead to degradation, reducing its therapeutic effectiveness. Always refer to material safety data sheets (MSDS) for detailed safety guidelines.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring pilocarpine for industrial or pharmaceutical use, buyers should prioritize suppliers that adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and provide certificates of analysis (CoA). The reference price ranges between $50-$200 per gram, depending on purity and supplier reputation. Key considerations include verifying the supplier's compliance with pharmaceutical regulations, ensuring proper documentation, and assessing the compound's purity through third-party testing. Bulk purchases may offer cost advantages, but quality should never be compromised for price.
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