Overview
Nuclear antigens are a group of proteins and nucleic acid complexes localized in the cell nucleus. They play critical roles in DNA replication, RNA splicing, and transcriptional regulation. Clinically, these antigens are best known as targets of autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome. The most studied nuclear antigens include Smith (Sm) antigen, ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and SSA/Ro antigens. These are collectively termed extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) due to their solubility in saline solutions. Detection of antibodies against ENAs forms the basis of diagnostic tests for autoimmune disorders.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Nuclear antigens are typically protein complexes, often associated with small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) in structures like spliceosomes. Their molecular weights vary significantly; for example, the Sm antigen complex consists of multiple proteins (B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F, and G) ranging from 9 to 29 kDa. These antigens are sensitive to denaturation by heat, extreme pH, and proteolytic enzymes. Most maintain stability at -20°C in buffered solutions but degrade rapidly at room temperature. Commercial preparations often include stabilizing agents like glycerol or protease inhibitors to prolong shelf life.
Main Applications
In clinical diagnostics, nuclear antigens are used as substrates in assays like ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence (ANA test) to detect autoimmune antibodies. The pattern and specificity of antibody binding help differentiate between SLE (anti-Sm), mixed connective tissue disease (anti-RNP), and Sjögren's syndrome (anti-SSA/Ro). Research applications include studying autoimmunity mechanisms, B-cell activation, and antigen presentation. Some nuclear antigens like proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are also used as markers in cancer research to assess cell proliferation rates.
Safety and Storage
Human-derived nuclear antigens require biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) handling due to potential bloodborne pathogen risks. Always use gloves and lab coats, and decontaminate work surfaces with 10% bleach or 70% ethanol. For storage, aliquoting is recommended to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Lyophilized antigens should be reconstituted with sterile, nuclease-free buffers. Once reconstituted, most solutions remain stable for 3-6 months at -20°C with protease inhibitors. Avoid vortexing to prevent protein denaturation.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring nuclear antigens, specify the antigen type (e.g., Sm, RNP, or PCNA) and required purity (diagnostic-grade vs. research-grade). Diagnostic applications typically require clinical validation data from the supplier. Key procurement considerations include batch-to-batch consistency (critical for ELISA kit manufacturing), endotoxin levels (<1 EU/μg for cell culture work), and supplier documentation (Certificate of Analysis with reactivity data). Leading suppliers include Merck, Abcam, and autoimmune specialty providers like EUROIMMUN.
Related Manufacturers
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化试剂盒、细胞、蛋白、抗体、检测试剂盒
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、科研试剂
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、高灵敏度试剂盒、试剂盒厂家、人ELISA试剂盒、小鼠ELISA试剂盒、大鼠ELISA试剂盒、仓鼠ELISA试剂盒、豚鼠ELISA试剂盒、鸡ELISA试剂盒、鸭ELISA试剂盒、牛ELISA试剂盒、羊ELISA试剂盒、马ELISA试剂盒、猴ELISA试剂盒、猪ELISA试剂盒、犬ELISA试剂盒、兔ELISA试剂盒、鱼ELISA试剂盒、植物ELISA试剂盒、土壤ELISA试剂盒、定性ELISA试剂盒、肿瘤标志物检测ELISA试剂盒、特种蛋白检测ELISA试剂盒、传染病检测ELISA试剂盒
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化试剂盒、科研试剂
- 主营：科研试剂盒、酶免试剂盒、elisa试剂盒、细胞、生化试剂盒、生物试剂、进口ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化测试盒
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化试剂盒、细胞、蛋白、抗体
- 主营：科研试剂盒、酶免试剂盒、elisa试剂盒、细胞、生物试剂、进口ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化测试盒
- 主营：酶cγ链、α2巨球、素d合成、增殖细胞核抗原、纤连蛋白、抗组蛋白、肌醇抗体、蛋白样环、敏感蛋白、牛骨钙素、蛋白重链、金属肽酶、乳球蛋白、钩端螺旋、蛋白激酶、高血糖素、钙调蛋白、小鼠α1抗、ELISA试剂盒、pcr检测试剂、生化检测试剂
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、小鼠ELISA试剂盒、大鼠ELISA试剂盒、生化检测试剂盒、酶联免疫检测试剂盒、人ELISA检测试剂盒、植物检测试剂盒、兔ELISA试剂盒、猪elisa检测试剂盒、犬ELISA试剂盒、科研ELISA检测试剂盒
- 主营：小鼠增值细胞核抗原、Elisa试剂盒、检测试剂盒
- 主营：scl-70igg、人1α羟、试剂盒、大鼠增殖细胞核抗原、葡聚糖、大鼠11β、16α羟基、1iga抗体、胶原c端、2-he2elisa、1igm抗体、25二羟基、17羟孕酮、dna糖苷酶、5α还原酶、研启生物、去氢血栓、人胰岛素、胶原n末端、大鼠8羟基、25羟基维生、2，5寡腺苷、大鼠25羟基、11脱氢血栓、羟基壬烯醛、三磷酸肌醇
- 主营：人粒细胞趋化蛋白、试剂盒、信号调节激酶、人转谷氨酰胺酶
- 主营：生物试剂、甲状腺素、活性氧簇、白细胞介素、促甲状腺激素、孕酮、促黄体生成素、心肌肌钙蛋白、检测试剂盒、植物试剂盒、试剂盒、实验室试剂、Elisa、定量分析、定性分析、酶联免疫试剂盒、科研试剂盒、免费代测
- 主营：抑制物、糖蛋白、试剂盒、淋巴细胞、释放因子、人色氨酰、炎性蛋白、刺激因子、生长因子、武装因子、钙黏蛋白、成孔蛋白、趋化因子、人促睡眠肽、免疫球蛋白、节苷脂抗体、人精氨酸酶、二聚化蛋白、人β葡糖苷酶、人β内酰胺酶、肝炎病毒抗体、活化黏附因子、凋亡抑制因子、人潜伏膜蛋白、人二氢嘧啶酶
- 主营：大鼠增殖细胞核抗原、Elisa试剂盒、检测试剂盒