Overview
Nile Red is a benzophenoxazine-based fluorescent dye first synthesized in 1985 as a lipid stain. Its unique photophysical properties make it particularly valuable in biological research for visualizing intracellular lipid droplets and membranes. The dye exhibits environment-sensitive fluorescence, showing minimal emission in aqueous solutions but strong red fluorescence when dissolved in hydrophobic environments. This characteristic enables selective staining of neutral lipids in cellular and histological studies.
Physical and Chemical Properties
As a phenoxazine derivative, Nile Red demonstrates remarkable photostability and large Stokes shift (≈84 nm). The compound's fluorescence quantum yield increases dramatically in non-polar solvents (0.7 in acetone) compared to water (<0.001). Its lipophilicity (logP ≈ 3.5) allows easy penetration through cell membranes while maintaining selective accumulation in lipid-rich regions. The dye shows pH stability between 4-9, making it suitable for most biological applications.
Main Applications
In cell biology, Nile Red serves as a vital tool for studying adipogenesis, lipid metabolism disorders, and intracellular lipid trafficking. Its ability to differentiate between polar and neutral lipids (emission shift from red to yellow) provides valuable diagnostic information. Industrial applications include flow visualization in microfluidics and quality control in polymer production. The dye's sensitivity to microenvironment polarity makes it useful for studying material surface properties and phase separation processes.
Safety and Storage
As a potential irritant, Nile Red requires handling with nitrile gloves and eye protection. Work should be conducted in well-ventilated areas to avoid inhalation of powder. For long-term storage, the dye should be kept in airtight containers with desiccant at -20°C. Solutions in organic solvents remain stable for months when protected from light. Always check for precipitation before use in critical applications.
B2B Procurement Guide
Research-grade Nile Red should meet ≥95% purity (HPLC) with certificate of analysis. Bulk quantities (100g+) typically offer 20-30% cost savings but require verification of batch consistency. Consider solvent-free formulations for flexible application preparation. Reputable suppliers provide spectroscopic characterization data (UV-Vis, fluorescence spectra) and microbiological testing for cell culture applications. Lead times for specialty grades may extend to 4-6 weeks.
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