Overview
Neutral Red is a phenazine dye widely used as a pH indicator and biological stain. First synthesized in the late 19th century, it plays a critical role in microbiological and histological applications due to its ability to selectively stain living cells. The compound is classified as a 'vital stain,' meaning it can differentiate between living and dead cells—a property leveraged in cytotoxicity testing and cell viability assays. Its color-changing properties (red in neutral/alkaline conditions, yellow in acidic environments) make it valuable for pH monitoring in research settings.
Physical and Chemical Properties
As a chloride salt, Neutral Red forms dark green crystalline powder that dissolves readily in polar solvents. Its absorption spectrum peaks at 533 nm in ethanol, with fluorescence emission at 640 nm when excited. The dye exhibits redox activity, undergoing reversible reduction to a colorless leuco form. This property is exploited in electrochemical sensors. Its stability is pH-dependent; prolonged exposure to strong acids or bases degrades the chromophore. Light sensitivity necessitates amber glass storage for long-term preservation.
Main Applications
In microbiology, Neutral Red stains lysosomes in viable cells—a technique used to assess macrophage activity and phagocytosis. The dye's accumulation in acidic organelles helps visualize cellular metabolism. Histopathology laboratories use it for nerve tissue staining and as a counterstain in Gram-negative bacterial identification. Recent applications include environmental monitoring, where it serves as an indicator in biofilm studies and ecotoxicity tests for aquatic systems.
Safety and Storage
Neutral Red requires careful handling due to its irritant properties. Laboratories should maintain SDS documentation and ensure spill kits are available. Powdered form poses inhalation risks; always use fume hoods during weighing. For storage, keep containers tightly sealed with desiccants to prevent moisture absorption. Shelf life typically exceeds 3 years when stored below 25°C. Discard discolored samples, as degradation products may interfere with experimental results.
B2B Procurement Guide
Bulk buyers should prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 certification for consistent quality. Key specifications to verify include: purity (≥90% for most applications), heavy metal content (<10 ppm), and microbiological sterility for cell culture use. Request lot-specific certificates of analysis (COA) with HPLC purity data. For industrial-scale orders (100kg+), negotiate testing protocols for batch homogeneity. Consider regional logistics—some formulations require hazardous material transport documentation due to flammability risks.
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