Overview
Activin A is a dimeric protein and a member of the TGF-β superfamily, primarily involved in regulating cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It is produced by various cell types, including gonadal tissues, and plays a key role in reproductive biology, embryonic development, and immune responses. In research, Activin A is widely used to induce stem cell differentiation, particularly into endodermal and mesodermal lineages. Its applications extend to studying fibrosis, cancer progression, and inflammatory diseases. Recombinant Activin A is commonly produced in mammalian or bacterial expression systems to ensure high purity and biological activity.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Activin A is a homodimer or heterodimer protein with a molecular weight of approximately 25-28 kDa. It is typically supplied as a lyophilized powder or sterile solution, requiring reconstitution in water or buffered saline. The protein is stable under recommended storage conditions but sensitive to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Its biological activity is measured in vitro using cell-based assays, such as the induction of erythroid differentiation or SMAD signaling activation. Purity is assessed via SDS-PAGE or HPLC, with research-grade preparations exceeding 95% purity. Endotoxin levels are critical for cell culture applications and should be <1 EU/µg.
Main Applications
Activin A is indispensable in stem cell research, where it directs differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into definitive endoderm, pancreatic progenitors, and other lineages. It is also used in reproductive biology to study follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulation and embryonic patterning. In therapeutic development, Activin A is investigated for its role in tissue repair and fibrosis. However, its dual role in promoting or inhibiting cell growth makes it a complex target for drug discovery. Additionally, cancer research utilizes Activin A to explore metastasis and tumor microenvironment interactions.
Safety and Storage
Activin A should be handled with standard laboratory precautions, including gloves and protective eyewear. Avoid inhalation or skin contact, as it may cause irritation. Lyophilized protein is stable at -20°C or -80°C for long-term storage; reconstituted solutions should be aliquoted to minimize freeze-thaw damage. For cell culture use, ensure sterility and test for endotoxin contamination. Dispose of waste according to local regulations for biological materials. In case of exposure, rinse thoroughly with water and seek medical advice if irritation persists.
B2B Procurement Guide
When purchasing Activin A, prioritize suppliers with certified quality control, including batch-specific activity data and purity certificates. Compare prices per microgram of active protein, not just total quantity, as concentrations vary. For bulk orders, request custom formulations or bulk discounts. Ensure cold-chain logistics are available to maintain protein stability during transit. Reputable suppliers often provide technical support, such as optimized protocols for specific applications like stem cell differentiation.
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