Overview
Modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are nanoscale gold particles (1–100 nm) coated with molecules such as thiols, polymers, or antibodies to impart specific functionalities. The modification stabilizes the particles against aggregation and enables targeted interactions in biological or chemical systems. First synthesized in the 1950s, modern AuNPs are engineered for precision applications. Their optical properties (e.g., localized surface plasmon resonance) and ease of functionalization make them versatile in nanotechnology. Common modifiers include polyethylene glycol (PEG) for biocompatibility and carboxyl groups for conjugation.
Physical and Chemical Properties
AuNPs exhibit unique size-dependent properties. Smaller particles (<20 nm) absorb green light, appearing red, while larger ones scatter light, turning blue/purple. Surface modifications alter solubility and reactivity—for example, citrate-capped AuNPs are water-dispersible, whereas alkylthiol-coated ones are organic-soluble. The gold core is inert, but the surface ligands determine chemical behavior. Functional groups like -NH₂ or -COOH enable covalent bonding to biomolecules. Stability varies: PEGylation reduces protein adsorption, while charged ligands may aggregate in high-salt environments.
Main Applications
In biomedicine, AuNPs deliver drugs or genes to specific cells, leveraging antibodies or peptides for targeting. They enhance contrast in imaging (e.g., CT scans) and enable photothermal cancer therapy by converting light to heat. Industrially, AuNPs catalyze reactions like CO oxidation or nitroarene reduction. Electronics use them in conductive inks and sensors. Environmental applications include pollutant detection via colorimetric assays.
Safety and Storage
Unmodified AuNPs are generally biocompatible, but surface coatings may introduce toxicity (e.g., cationic polymers). Always review safety data sheets (SDS) for specific modifications. Store in sealed, light-blocking vials under argon to prevent oxidation. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles, which cause aggregation. Centrifugation may be needed to concentrate samples, but excessive force can damage ligands.
B2B Procurement Guide
Specify core diameter (±5 nm tolerance), modification type (e.g., PEG-SH), and concentration (mg/mL). Reputable suppliers provide TEM images and dynamic light scattering (DLS) data for size distribution. Bulk orders (≥1 g) may qualify for discounts. For biomedical use, request endotoxin testing. Custom modifications (e.g., antibody conjugation) typically require a 4–8 week lead time.
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