Overview
Fluorite, or fluorspar, is a naturally occurring mineral primarily composed of calcium fluoride (CaF₂). Its name derives from its fluorescence under ultraviolet light, a property first documented in the 19th century. Found in hydrothermal veins and sedimentary rocks, major deposits exist in China, Mexico, and South Africa. Industrially, fluorite is classified into three grades: metallurgical (60-85% CaF₂), ceramic (85-95%), and acid-grade (97%+). The latter is essential for producing hydrofluoric acid, a key feedstock for fluorochemicals. Its vibrant colors also make it a popular gemstone, though softer than quartz.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Fluorite crystallizes in the isometric system, often forming perfect cubes or octahedrons. With a Mohs hardness of 4, it’s relatively soft and cleaves easily along octahedral planes. Its refractive index (1.434) is notably low, making it valuable for specialized optics. Chemically, it’s inert at room temperature but reacts with sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen fluoride (HF). The mineral’s fluorescence stems from rare earth impurities like europium. Some specimens exhibit thermoluminescence or phosphorescence. Density ranges from 3.0-3.3 g/cm³, varying with impurities.
Main Applications
In metallurgy, fluorite lowers the melting point of raw materials, serving as a flux in steelmaking (consuming ~50% of production). Acid-grade fluorite is converted to HF, which is used to make refrigerants like Freon and uranium hexafluoride for nuclear fuel. Optically, synthetic fluorite lenses correct chromatic aberration in microscopes and telescopes. Lower grades are used in ceramics (glazes) and cement production. Emerging applications include lithium-ion battery electrolytes, where fluoride compounds enhance stability.
Safety and Storage
While fluorite itself is non-hazardous, dust inhalation should be avoided. When heated above 600°C, it may release toxic hydrogen fluoride gas—adequate ventilation is critical in high-temperature processes. Store in moisture-proof containers to prevent caking. Bulk shipments require lined trucks or railcars to avoid contamination. In case of HF exposure, calcium gluconate gel is the standard antidote for skin contact. Facilities handling powdered fluorite should install dust collection systems.
B2B Procurement Guide
Buyers should specify CaF₂ percentage, silica content (<1% for acid-grade), and particle size (e.g., 10-100mm for metallurgical use). China dominates supply, but Mexican and Kenyan sources offer competitive purity. Long-term contracts are advisable due to price volatility. For HF producers, test batches for arsenic and phosphate impurities. Logistics matter: maritime shipping reduces costs for bulk orders, while bagged fluorite suits small-scale ceramic users. Always request SDS and assay certificates.
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