Overview
Lithium sulfide (Li2S) is an inorganic compound consisting of lithium and sulfur in a 2:1 ratio. It is a critical material in advanced battery technologies, particularly lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, due to its high theoretical capacity (1,166 mAh/g). Industrially, it is produced by reacting lithium metal or lithium hydride with sulfur. As a solid electrolyte precursor and cathode material, Li2S has gained prominence in energy storage research. Its ionic conductivity and compatibility with sulfur make it indispensable for next-generation batteries aiming to outperform conventional lithium-ion systems.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Lithium sulfide appears as a white to yellowish crystalline solid with an antifluorite crystal structure. It is hygroscopic and reacts exothermically with water to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S), requiring strict moisture control during handling. The compound exhibits high thermal stability with a melting point of 938°C. Its ionic conductivity (~10−4 S/cm at 25°C) and wide electrochemical window make it suitable for solid-state electrolytes. Li2S is a strong reducing agent and must be stored under argon or nitrogen to prevent oxidation.
Main Applications
The primary use of lithium sulfide is in lithium-sulfur batteries, where it serves as a cathode material or solid electrolyte component. These batteries offer higher energy density (theoretically 2,500 Wh/kg) compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries. Additional applications include ceramic glazes (as a flux), phosphors in electroluminescent devices, and as a reagent in organic synthesis for sulfur incorporation. In research, Li2S is explored for solid-state batteries and as a precursor for lithium argyrodite electrolytes.
Safety and Storage
Li2S is classified as corrosive and moisture-sensitive. It requires storage in airtight containers under inert gas (argon or nitrogen) with desiccants. Exposure to moisture generates toxic H2S gas, necessitating ventilation and PPE (gloves, goggles) during handling. In case of spills, neutralize with dry sand or vermiculite—never water. Firefighting requires Class D extinguishers for lithium fires. Transportation follows UN regulations for corrosive solids (Class 8), typically in UN3077 packaging.
B2B Procurement Guide
For battery-grade Li2S (≥99.9% purity), verify certificates of analysis (CoA) for trace metal content (Fe, Ni <10 ppm). Key suppliers include Chinese producers (e.g., Shanghai China Lithium) and specialty chemical distributors (American Elements). Pricing varies by purity: technical-grade (95-98%) costs ~$50/kg, while battery-grade commands $150-$200/kg. Order in moisture-proof bags (double-packed with desiccant) or under inert gas in sealed drums. Minimum order quantities (MOQs) typically start at 1 kg for R&D and 100 kg for industrial procurement.
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