Overview
Layered oxides are inorganic materials with a distinctive layered crystal structure, where metal oxide sheets are separated by interlayer spaces. This architecture enables unique properties like ion intercalation, making them critical in energy storage and conversion. Common examples include lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) in batteries and sodium titanates (Na₂Ti₃O₇) in catalysis. These materials are synthesized via solid-state reactions or hydrothermal methods, with properties tailored by adjusting layer composition and interlayer cations. Their versatility stems from the ability to host guest ions or molecules between layers, facilitating applications from rechargeable batteries to gas sensors.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Layered oxides exhibit high thermal stability (often exceeding 1000°C) and mechanical robustness due to strong in-plane covalent bonds. Their interlayer spacing can be adjusted by ion exchange or pillaring, affecting conductivity and reactivity. For instance, lithium layered oxides show ionic conductivities of 10⁻³–10⁻⁴ S/cm, ideal for battery electrodes. Chemically, they are typically inert under ambient conditions but may react with acids or reducing agents. Some variants, like manganese-based oxides, display redox activity, enabling catalytic applications. Density ranges from 3 to 5 g/cm³, varying with metal content (e.g., heavier transition metals increase density).
Main Applications
The primary use of layered oxides is in lithium-ion batteries, where materials like LiNiₓMnₓCoₓO₂ (NMC) serve as cathodes due to their high energy density and cyclability. They are also employed as catalysts in oxidative reactions, leveraging their tunable surface chemistry. In electronics, layered oxides like La₂CuO₄ are studied for superconductivity. Emerging applications include water purification (e.g., titanates for ion exchange) and gas sensors, where their layered structure enhances sensitivity to target molecules.
Safety and Storage
While generally stable, layered oxides may decompose at high temperatures, releasing metal oxides or toxic fumes (e.g., cobalt compounds). Handle with gloves and PPE to avoid inhalation of fine powders. Storage requires dry conditions (<40% humidity) and inert packaging to prevent moisture absorption, which can degrade performance. For battery-grade materials, avoid contact with flammable substances due to oxidative risks. Spills should be contained and disposed of as hazardous waste, following local regulations.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring layered oxides, specify composition (e.g., Li:Co ratio), particle size (affects reactivity), and purity (>99% for battery use). Bulk orders (100+ kg) typically reduce costs by 20-30%. Verify supplier certifications (e.g., ISO 9001) and request batch-specific test reports for traceability. Consider logistics: some oxides are classified as hazardous materials, requiring special transport. Lead times vary; custom syntheses may take 4-8 weeks. Spot prices fluctuate with metal markets (e.g., cobalt price volatility).
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