Overview
Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells (NF-κB) is a protein complex that acts as a transcription factor. It is involved in regulating genes responsible for immune response, inflammation, cell survival, and proliferation. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is a key mediator in various signaling pathways. NF-κB was first identified in 1986 as a nuclear factor binding to the enhancer region of the kappa light chain gene in B cells. Since then, it has been extensively studied for its role in immune and inflammatory responses. The complex is composed of five subunits: RelA (p65), RelB, c-Rel, p50, and p52, which can form various homo- and heterodimers.
Physical and Chemical Properties
NF-κB is a protein complex with no fixed molecular formula or weight due to its variable composition. It is typically soluble in aqueous buffers and is sensitive to temperature and pH changes. The complex is stabilized in reducing environments and can be denatured by heat or extreme pH. The activity of NF-κB is regulated by its interaction with inhibitory proteins called IκBs. Upon stimulation by cytokines, pathogens, or stress, IκBs are phosphorylated and degraded, allowing NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus and activate target genes. This rapid response mechanism makes NF-κB a critical player in cellular stress responses.
Main Applications
NF-κB is widely used in biomedical research to study immune responses, inflammation, and cancer. It is a target for drug development, particularly for inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Inhibitors of NF-κB are being explored as potential therapeutics. In addition to medical research, NF-κB is used in biotechnology for studying gene regulation and signal transduction pathways. Its role in cell survival and proliferation makes it a key focus in cancer research, where aberrant NF-κB activity is often observed in tumor cells.
Safety and Storage
NF-κB proteins should be handled with care to avoid degradation and loss of activity. Recombinant NF-κB or cell extracts containing NF-κB should be stored at -20°C or -80°C in aliquots to prevent repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Buffers containing protease inhibitors are recommended to maintain stability. When working with NF-κB in laboratory settings, standard biosafety practices should be followed. Avoid inhalation or direct contact with skin or eyes. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and lab coats.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring NF-κB for research or industrial use, consider the purity, activity, and source of the protein. Suppliers should provide certificates of analysis (CoA) detailing these parameters. Recombinant NF-κB is commonly available from biotechnology companies, while cell extracts may be sourced from specialized providers. Pricing varies based on purity and quantity, with research-grade NF-κB typically costing between $200 and $500 per mg. Bulk purchases may offer discounts. Ensure that storage and shipping conditions are maintained to preserve protein integrity. For custom applications, some suppliers offer tailored solutions such as tagged or mutant variants of NF-κB.
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