Overview
Isobutanol (IUPAC name: 2-methyl-1-propanol) is a four-carbon branched-chain alcohol. It is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet, musty odor, commonly derived from petrochemical feedstocks or bio-based processes. As a versatile solvent, it finds extensive use in coatings, inks, and resins due to its balanced evaporation rate and solvency power. Industrially, isobutanol is produced via hydroformylation of propylene or fermentation of sugars. Its molecular structure (branched alkyl group) imparts unique properties, such as lower water solubility compared to n-butanol, making it preferable for specific applications like fuel blending and specialty chemicals.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Isobutanol exhibits a density of 0.802 g/cm³ at 20°C and a boiling point of 108°C, which is higher than its linear isomer n-butanol. Its branched structure reduces hydrogen bonding, resulting in lower viscosity and faster evaporation. The compound is miscible with alcohols, ethers, and hydrocarbons but only slightly soluble in water (8.7% w/w at 25°C). Key chemical properties include its reactivity as a primary alcohol, undergoing esterification, oxidation, and dehydration reactions. It forms azeotropes with water and other solvents, a critical consideration in purification processes. Its flammability (flash point: 28°C) and moderate toxicity (LD50 oral rat: 2,460 mg/kg) necessitate careful handling.
Main Applications
Isobutanol serves as a solvent in lacquers, paints, and varnishes, where its slow evaporation rate ensures smooth film formation. It is a precursor to isobutyl acetate, a fruity-smelling ester used in food flavorings and perfumes. In the petroleum industry, it acts as a gasoline additive to improve octane ratings and reduce emissions. Emerging bio-based isobutanol is gaining traction as a renewable fuel alternative, compatible with existing infrastructure. Other niche uses include pharmaceutical intermediates, cleaning agents, and extraction processes in biochemistry. Its low volatility and high purity grades make it suitable for electronic cleaning applications.
Safety and Storage
Isobutanol is classified as flammable (Category 3) and harmful if swallowed or inhaled (Hazard Statements: H226, H315, H332, H335). Proper storage requires sealed containers in well-ventilated areas, away from heat and open flames. Grounding and bonding are essential during transfer to prevent static discharge. Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and respirators should be used to minimize exposure. Spills should be contained with inert absorbents and disposed of per local regulations. Compatibility with storage materials (e.g., stainless steel, polyethylene) must be verified to avoid degradation.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring isobutanol, prioritize suppliers with certifications like ISO 9001 or REACH compliance to ensure quality and regulatory adherence. Key specifications include purity (≥99%), water content (<0.1%), and acid value (<0.01 mg KOH/g). Bulk purchases (drums, IBCs, or tankers) often offer cost advantages, but verify logistics for safe transportation. Market prices fluctuate with crude oil trends and regional demand. Bio-based variants may command a premium due to sustainability benefits. Sample testing for consistency in odor, color, and impurity profiles is recommended before large-scale orders. Establish long-term contracts to mitigate price volatility.
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