Overview
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a 184-amino acid cytokine secreted by T cells, macrophages, adipocytes, and other cell types. It plays pivotal roles in acute-phase responses, B-cell differentiation, and inflammatory pathways. Discovered in 1986, IL-6 is structurally classified as a four-α-helix bundle cytokine and signals through membrane-bound or soluble receptors. The human IL-6 gene is located on chromosome 7p21. Dysregulation of IL-6 is implicated in rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman’s disease, and cytokine release syndrome, making it a target for monoclonal antibody therapies like tocilizumab.
Physical and Chemical Properties
IL-6 is a glycosylated protein with variable molecular weight (21–28 kDa) depending on post-translational modifications. It remains stable in pH 4–9 buffers but degrades under repeated freeze-thaw cycles or prolonged room-temperature exposure. Circular dichroism studies confirm its helical content exceeds 60%. Bioactivity is typically measured via cell proliferation assays (e.g., TF-1 cells) with ED50 values ≤0.1 ng/mL. Commercial preparations often include stabilizing agents like bovine serum albumin (0.1–1% BSA) to prevent aggregation.
Main Applications
In biopharmaceuticals, IL-6 is used to produce hybridomas and expand stem cells. Its antagonists treat autoimmune diseases, while recombinant IL-6 supports CAR-T cell manufacturing. Research applications include sepsis modeling and cancer microenvironment studies. Diagnostically, IL-6 ELISA kits monitor COVID-19 cytokine storms. Industrial-scale production employs CHO or E. coli expression systems, with yields up to 1–5 g/L in optimized bioreactors.
Safety and Storage
IL-6 requires handling under BSL-2 conditions due to potential pyrogenic effects. Use nitrile gloves and eye protection. Lyophilized powder is stable for 3 years at -20°C; reconstituted solutions retain activity for 1 month at -80°C. Avoid endotoxin contamination (<0.1 EU/μg) for in vivo studies. Sodium azide-preserved formulations are unsuitable for cell cultures. Spills should be deactivated with 1% SDS or autoclaving.
B2B Procurement Guide
For bulk orders (milligram quantities), request COAs specifying HPLC purity (>98%), endotoxin levels, and biological activity. GMP-grade IL-6 costs 2–3x research-grade. Lead times range from 4–8 weeks for custom recombinant variants. Key suppliers include R&D Systems, PeproTech, and Sino Biological. Consider regional cold-chain logistics—dry ice shipment is mandatory. MOQs typically start at 100 μg for non-GMP material.
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