Overview
Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a member of the interleukin-1 cytokine family, primarily produced by macrophages, epithelial cells, and other immune cells. It plays a pivotal role in mediating inflammatory responses and regulating immune functions. IL-1α exists in both membrane-bound and secreted forms, exerting its effects through binding to IL-1 receptors (IL-1R1). This cytokine is synthesized as a 31 kDa precursor (pro-IL-1α) that is cleaved into the active 17 kDa mature form. Unlike IL-1β, IL-1α is constitutively expressed in many tissues and can function as an alarmin, released during cell damage to initiate inflammation.
Physical and Chemical Properties
IL-1α is a single-chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 17-18 kDa in its mature form. The protein is stable in neutral pH buffers but may degrade under extreme pH conditions or repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Its isoelectric point (pI) is around 5-6, and it typically exhibits high solubility in physiological buffers. For research use, IL-1α is commonly supplied as a lyophilized powder containing carrier proteins (e.g., BSA) to prevent adsorption losses. Reconstituted solutions should be aliquoted to avoid activity loss and stored at -80°C with minimal freeze-thaw cycles.
Main Applications
In biomedical research, IL-1α is widely used to study inflammatory pathways, immune cell activation, and tissue repair mechanisms. It serves as a critical reagent in models of autoimmune diseases, sepsis, and cancer immunotherapy development. Pharmaceutically, IL-1α is investigated as a target for anti-inflammatory drugs, with neutralizing antibodies and receptor antagonists in clinical trials. Its role in wound healing has also prompted exploration in regenerative medicine applications. Industrial-scale production supports diagnostic kit manufacturing and biologics development.
Safety and Storage
As a bioactive protein, IL-1α requires handling with gloves, lab coats, and eye protection. Avoid generating aerosols during reconstitution. Spills should be deactivated with appropriate disinfectants and cleaned following institutional biosafety protocols. For storage, lyophilized material remains stable for years at -20°C when desiccated. Reconstituted solutions maintain activity for weeks at 4°C if sterile-filtered, but long-term storage requires -80°C with cryoprotectants. Always centrifuge lyophilized vials before opening to prevent protein loss.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing IL-1α, prioritize suppliers with ISO 13485 or GMP certification for consistent quality. Key specifications include: ≥95% purity (SDS-PAGE verification), endotoxin levels <0.1 EU/μg, and functional activity validated by cell-based assays (e.g., NF-κB activation). Bulk purchasers should request certificates of analysis (CoA) for each batch and consider supplier stability data. For therapeutic applications, ensure compliance with regulatory requirements (e.g., FDA 21 CFR Part 610). Lead times may vary from 2-8 weeks depending on customization needs (e.g., carrier-free formulations).
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