Overview
Indium products for export encompass pure indium metal and its alloys/compounds, primarily sourced as byproducts of zinc refining. China dominates global production, accounting for over 50% of supply. These materials are critical for high-tech industries due to indium's unique combination of conductivity, malleability, and low melting point. Global trade of indium products requires strict compliance with international export controls and customs documentation, particularly for shipments to semiconductor manufacturing hubs like Japan, South Korea, and Germany. Exporters must ensure proper HS code classification (typically 8103.20 for unwrought indium) and provide certificates of analysis.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Elemental indium is a post-transition metal with exceptional ductility - it can be bent by hand and leaves marks on paper. Its thermal conductivity (81.8 W/m·K) and electrical resistivity (8.37×10⁻⁸ Ω·m) make it ideal for electronic applications. The metal forms stable oxides at room temperature and exhibits low toxicity compared to other heavy metals. Indium's liquid range (156.6°C to 2072°C) enables specialized applications in low-temperature solders (indium-tin alloys melt at 117°C). Its compounds, particularly indium tin oxide (ITO), combine transparency with electrical conductivity, creating essential components for touchscreens and solar panels.
Main Applications
The electronics industry consumes about 70% of indium production, mainly as ITO for flat panel displays. Each LCD screen contains approximately 0.5-2 grams of indium. Semiconductor applications include indium antimonide (InSb) for infrared detectors and indium phosphide (InP) for high-frequency transistors. Other significant uses include low-melting-point alloys for fire sprinklers (indium-bismuth), nuclear reactor control rods (indium-cadmium), and advanced solders in aerospace applications. Emerging applications comprise CIGS solar cells (copper-indium-gallium-selenide) and transparent conductive coatings for smart windows.
Safety and Storage
While elemental indium poses moderate health risks, its compounds require careful handling. Dust inhalation may cause pulmonary irritation - workplaces should maintain exposure below 0.1 mg/m³ (OSHA PEL). Indium compounds are classified as suspected reproductive toxins under REACH regulations. Storage requires airtight containers under inert gas or mineral oil to prevent oxidation. Bulk shipments typically use steel drums with plastic liners. Spills should be collected using non-sparking tools and treated as hazardous waste. Export shipments require Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) in the destination country's language.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing indium products internationally, prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 certification and conflict-free mineral declarations. Key specifications include purity (3N5 to 5N), physical form (ingots, shots, powder), and trace element analysis. For ITO targets, request resistivity (<5×10⁻⁴ Ω·cm) and density (>99% theoretical) test reports. Logistics planning must account for indium's classification as a strategic material - some countries require export licenses. Sea freight is common for bulk orders (minimum 500kg), while air shipments under IATA Special Provision A1 apply for urgent high-purity deliveries. Payment terms typically involve 30% deposit with LC at sight.
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