Overview
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pivotal cytokine family comprising IL-1α and IL-1β, primarily produced by macrophages and dendritic cells. These proteins mediate inflammatory responses, fever induction, and T-cell activation. IL-1β, the more studied isoform, requires caspase-1 cleavage for activation. Both isoforms signal through the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), triggering NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Discovered in the 1970s, IL-1 has become a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Biopharmaceutical companies develop IL-1 inhibitors (e.g., anakinra) to modulate its activity. Recombinant IL-1 is widely used in research to study innate immunity and inflammation models.
Physical and Chemical Properties
IL-1 proteins are typically produced as recombinant forms in E. coli or mammalian cells, yielding products with molecular weights ranging 17-31 kDa. IL-1β is synthesized as a 31 kDa precursor (pro-IL-1β) before proteolytic processing to its active 17 kDa form. The lyophilized powder is stable at -20°C but degrades rapidly in solution at room temperature. Structural studies reveal IL-1 adopts a β-trefoil fold, critical for receptor binding. Its solubility depends on buffer composition, with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) being commonly used. Analytical techniques like SDS-PAGE and ELISA confirm purity and bioactivity, with endotoxin levels being a key quality metric.
Main Applications
In biomedical research, IL-1 is used to simulate inflammation in cell cultures (e.g., stimulating IL-6 production in fibroblasts) and animal models. It’s instrumental in studying sepsis, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune disorders. Pharmaceutical applications include screening IL-1 receptor antagonists and developing biosimilars. Clinically, IL-1 pathway inhibitors treat cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) and gout. Research-grade IL-1 is also employed in vaccine adjuvant studies due to its immunostimulatory effects. Diagnostic labs measure IL-1 levels as inflammatory markers in patient sera.
Safety and Storage
Recombinant IL-1 requires careful handling due to its biological activity. Use gloves and work in a biosafety cabinet when reconstituting. Avoid inhalation or skin contact, as it may provoke localized inflammation. Store lyophilized protein at -20°C; once reconstituted, aliquot and use within 1-2 weeks at 4°C. For long-term stability, add carrier proteins (e.g., 0.1% BSA) to prevent adsorption. Contamination risks include endotoxins and proteases—verify certificates of analysis (CoA) for purity (>95%) and endotoxin levels (<0.1 EU/μg). Dispose of waste following institutional biohazard protocols.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing IL-1, prioritize suppliers with ISO 13485 or GMP certification for consistent quality. Key specifications include: isoform type (α/β), activity (ED50 in ng/mL), and endotoxin levels. Bulk orders (10+ mg) may qualify for discounts, but verify batch-to-batch consistency. Leading manufacturers include R&D Systems, PeproTech, and Sino Biological. Request SDS documentation and biological activity data. For therapeutic applications, ensure compliance with USP/EP standards. Logistics should prioritize cold-chain shipping with dry ice for international orders.
Related Manufacturers
- 主营：检测试剂盒、农残检测试剂盒、试剂、Elisa试剂盒、液相检测、测试盒、检测卡、比色法检测、荧光法检测