Overview
Human Granzymes are serine proteases predominantly expressed in cytotoxic immune cells, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. These enzymes are stored in cytoplasmic granules and released upon immune cell activation. Granzymes, particularly Granzyme A and Granzyme B, are critical for inducing apoptosis in target cells, thereby playing a pivotal role in immune surveillance and pathogen clearance. Granzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors (zymogens) and activated upon cleavage. Their activity is tightly regulated to prevent unintended tissue damage. Research into granzymes has expanded their relevance beyond basic immunology, with therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune disease management.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Granzymes are typically 30-60 kDa in molecular weight, with variations depending on the specific subtype (e.g., Granzyme A is a homodimer, while Granzyme B is a monomer). They exhibit optimal enzymatic activity at neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7.0-8.0). Structurally, granzymes share a conserved catalytic triad (His-Asp-Ser) characteristic of serine proteases. These enzymes are sensitive to temperature and pH fluctuations, requiring stable storage conditions. Granzymes are soluble in aqueous buffers but may aggregate in high concentrations. Their activity can be inhibited by serine protease inhibitors like phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF).
Main Applications
Granzymes are extensively studied in immunology for their role in cytotoxic immune responses. Granzyme B, for instance, directly cleaves caspases to trigger apoptosis in target cells, making it a focus of cancer immunotherapy research. Granzyme A contributes to inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix remodeling. In pharmaceuticals, recombinant granzymes are used to screen for inhibitors or activators. They also serve as biomarkers for immune activity in diseases like viral infections and autoimmune disorders. Emerging applications include engineered immune cells (e.g., CAR-T) armed with granzymes for enhanced tumor targeting.
Safety and Storage
Granzymes are bioactive proteins requiring careful handling. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and lab coats to avoid exposure. Store lyophilized granzymes at -20°C; reconstituted solutions should be aliquoted to minimize freeze-thaw cycles, which degrade activity. Avoid prolonged exposure to room temperature or repeated pH shifts. Contamination with bacterial proteases can compromise integrity, so use sterile techniques. Dispose of waste according to biohazard protocols, as granzymes may retain enzymatic activity in waste streams.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring granzymes, prioritize suppliers with validated Certificates of Analysis (COA) confirming purity (>95%) and specific activity. Research-grade granzymes are commonly available from biotech vendors, while GMP-grade variants are essential for therapeutic development. Compare batch-to-batch consistency and inquire about endotoxin levels (<0.1 EU/µg). For large-scale orders, request bulk discounts and confirm lead times. Consider recombinant granzymes for standardized activity, as native extracts may vary. Logistics should ensure cold-chain delivery to maintain stability.
Related Manufacturers
- 主营：[]
- 主营：碱性蛋白酶、果胶酶、高温淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶
- 主营：人elisa试剂盒多少钱、ELISA试剂盒、抗体
- 主营：试剂盒、ELISA试剂盒、ELISA检测试剂盒
- 主营：人血浆α颗粒膜蛋白、试剂盒
- 主营：scl-70igg、试剂盒、葡聚糖、人1α羟、人胰岛素、大鼠11β、16α羟基、1iga抗体、胶原c端、2-he2elisa、1igm抗体、25二羟基、17羟孕酮、dna糖苷酶、5α还原酶、研启生物、去氢血栓、胶原n末端、大鼠8羟基、25羟基维生、2，5寡腺苷、大鼠25羟基、11脱氢血栓、羟基壬烯醛、三磷酸肌醇
- 主营：酶原颗粒膜糖蛋白、elisa试剂盒、分子生物学试剂及试剂盒、各种抗体及免疫学试剂盒
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、检测试剂盒、酶联免疫试剂盒、生物检测试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、细胞、试剂
- 主营：人颗粒蛋白前体、特殊peg
- 主营：血浆α颗粒膜蛋白、elisa试剂盒、检测试剂盒、PCR试剂盒
- 主营：试剂盒、乙酰化酶、巨噬细胞蛋白、人组织蛋白酶、人转录中介因子、人转化生长因子、人组蛋白赖氨酸、细胞标记蛋白、相容性复合体、前列腺特异抗原、纤溶酶原激活剂
- 主营：试剂盒、结合蛋白、大鼠睾酮、人端粒酶、抗胰蛋白酶、大鼠糜蛋白酶、过氧化物酶、大鼠铁蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶、表皮调节素、丙酮酸激酶、大鼠脂多糖、糖化血清蛋白、大鼠前白蛋白、大鼠补体蛋白、大鼠纤维蛋白、神经营养因子、促卵泡生成素、肿瘤坏死因子、大鼠肌酸激酶、糖化载脂蛋白、大鼠环氧合酶、半乳糖核酸酶、大鼠补体片段、促黄体生成素
- 主营：试剂盒、反应蛋白、细胞、神经颗粒蛋白、抗体、酶免试剂盒
- 主营：ELISA、分光光度法、微量法、人试剂盒、人ELISA试剂盒、ELISA试剂盒、大鼠试剂盒、小鼠试剂盒、植物试剂盒、酶联免疫法、MEGAZYME、大鼠ELISA试剂盒、小鼠ELISA试剂盒、植物ELISA 试剂盒、白介素试剂盒、细胞因子试剂盒、激素试剂盒、科研试剂盒、化学试剂、检测试剂盒、土壤试剂盒、土壤酶活性检测
- 主营：大鼠elisa试剂盒、小鼠elisa试剂盒、其他种属elisa试剂盒、人elisa试剂盒、植物elisa试剂盒、elisa试剂盒、elisa
- 主营：Elisa试剂盒、酶联免疫试剂盒、抗体、蛋白、细胞功能检测试剂盒
- 主营：ELISA检测试剂盒