Overview
Human Granulysin is a small, cationic protein primarily secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. It is stored in cytotoxic granules alongside perforin and granzymes, which collectively facilitate the destruction of infected or malignant cells. Granulysin exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, making it a key player in innate and adaptive immune responses. Discovered in the late 1980s, Granulysin has since been studied for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in treating infections and cancers. Its ability to induce apoptosis in target cells while sparing healthy tissues makes it a promising candidate for immunotherapy development.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Human Granulysin is a thermostable protein with a molecular weight ranging from 9 to 15 kDa, depending on post-translational modifications. It is highly cationic due to its arginine and lysine-rich structure, which facilitates its interaction with negatively charged microbial membranes and cancer cell surfaces. The protein is typically supplied as a lyophilized powder, which can be reconstituted in aqueous buffers such as PBS or Tris-HCl. Its solubility and stability are pH-dependent, with optimal activity observed in neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. Granulysin's structural integrity is maintained under refrigeration but degrades upon prolonged exposure to high temperatures or repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Main Applications
Granulysin's primary applications lie in immunotherapy and antimicrobial therapy. In cancer research, it is investigated for its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells, either alone or in combination with other cytotoxic agents. Its antimicrobial properties are leveraged in studies targeting drug-resistant bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Beyond therapeutics, Granulysin serves as a biomarker for immune activation in diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and certain autoimmune disorders. Researchers also explore its role in vaccine development, where it may enhance immune responses by modulating dendritic cell activity.
Safety and Storage
As a bioactive protein, Human Granulysin requires careful handling to maintain its stability and prevent contamination. Lyophilized preparations should be stored at -20°C or lower, protected from moisture and light. Reconstituted solutions are best used immediately or stored at 4°C for short-term use. Safety precautions include wearing gloves, lab coats, and eye protection when handling the protein, as it may cause irritation upon contact with skin or mucous membranes. Proper disposal methods should follow institutional guidelines for biological materials. Always verify the protein's activity and purity upon receipt, as degradation can significantly impact experimental outcomes.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing Human Granulysin for research or therapeutic development, prioritize suppliers that provide comprehensive characterization data, including HPLC purity profiles, endotoxin levels, and biological activity assays (e.g., cytotoxicity or antimicrobial tests). Reputable manufacturers typically offer certificates of analysis for each batch. For large-scale procurement, consider custom synthesis services to ensure consistent quality and formulation. Pricing varies significantly based on purity (research-grade vs. GMP-grade) and quantity, with bulk purchases often qualifying for discounts. Lead times can range from weeks to months for specialized preparations, so plan procurement schedules accordingly.
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