Overview
Graphite fluoride is synthesized by reacting graphite with fluorine gas at elevated temperatures (300–600°C). The degree of fluorination (x in CFx) determines its properties, with higher fluorine content increasing electrical resistivity and thermal stability. Unlike graphite, it is chemically inert and functions as a solid lubricant even in extreme environments. Industrial production typically yields powders with particle sizes ranging from 1–100 μm. Its layered structure resembles graphite but with fluorine atoms covalently bonded to carbon planes, eliminating the π-electron conductivity of pure graphite.
Physical and Chemical Properties
The material exhibits exceptional thermal stability, retaining its structure up to 500°C in inert atmospheres. Its coefficient of friction is remarkably low (0.05–0.15), outperforming PTFE in high-load applications. Electrical resistivity exceeds 10^3 Ω·cm, making it useful for insulating coatings. Chemically, graphite fluoride resists attack by acids, alkalis, and solvents. However, prolonged exposure to strong reducing agents may degrade the C-F bonds. The fluorine content directly correlates with hydrophobicity, with CF1.0 being completely water-repellent.
Main Applications
In lubrication, graphite fluoride is blended with oils or used dry in spacecraft mechanisms and high-temperature bearings. Its non-reactivity with lithium makes it a key cathode material in primary lithium batteries (Li/CFx cells), offering energy densities up to 2,160 Wh/kg. The nuclear industry utilizes it as a neutron moderator due to fluorine's low neutron absorption cross-section. Emerging uses include anti-reflective coatings for optics and conductive additives when partially defluorinated.
Safety and Storage
While non-flammable and chemically stable, fine powders require dust control measures (NIOSH N95 respirators recommended). Storage should avoid humidity to prevent gradual hydrolysis. Containers must be grounded during handling to dissipate static charges. Spills should be collected using non-sparking tools and disposed as non-hazardous waste in most jurisdictions. Unlike some fluorinated compounds, graphite fluoride does not release HF under normal conditions, but thermal decomposition above 600°C may produce toxic fumes.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should prioritize suppliers that provide batch-specific fluorine content analysis (typically via XPS or combustion analysis). For battery applications, specify x≈1.0 for maximum capacity, while lubricant formulations may use x≈0.6 for better dispersibility. Pricing tiers depend on purity (99%+ for electronics), particle size distribution (D50 10–20 μm for coatings), and packaging (argon-filled drums for oxygen-sensitive processes). MOQs commonly start at 25 kg for standard grades, with lead times of 4–8 weeks for custom fluorination levels.
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