Overview
Graphene oxide (GO) is a derivative of graphene, synthesized by the oxidation of graphite followed by exfoliation. Unlike pristine graphene, GO contains hydroxyl, epoxy, and carboxyl functional groups, making it hydrophilic and easier to process in aqueous solutions. This chemical modification expands its utility in fields where graphene's insolubility is a limitation. GO serves as a precursor for reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which regains partial conductivity. Its tunable surface chemistry allows customization for specific applications, from electronics to biomedicine. Industrial production typically involves Hummers' method or its variants, though newer eco-friendly synthesis routes are emerging.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Graphene oxide exhibits a layered structure with an interlayer spacing larger than graphene due to oxygen groups. Its surface area ranges between 500–1000 m²/g, depending on exfoliation quality. The material is thermally unstable, decomposing at 150–200°C without melting, and can be reduced to graphene at higher temperatures or via chemical agents. GO's dispersibility in water is a key advantage, enabling solution-based processing for coatings or composites. However, its electrical conductivity is poor unless reduced. The oxygen content (typically 20–50 wt%) influences reactivity, making GO a versatile platform for further functionalization.
Main Applications
In nanocomposites, GO enhances mechanical strength and barrier properties when added to polymers like epoxy or PVC. Its high surface area and functional groups improve load transfer and compatibility. Biomedical uses include drug delivery carriers, antibacterial coatings, and biosensors, leveraging GO's biocompatibility and ease of modification. Energy storage applications focus on GO-derived electrodes in supercapacitors and batteries, where its tunable porosity boosts performance. Environmental applications include water filtration membranes that remove heavy metals or organic pollutants via adsorption. Research also explores GO in flexible electronics and conductive inks.
Safety and Storage
Graphene oxide powders require careful handling due to potential respiratory hazards. Use NIOSH-approved dust masks and gloves in ventilated areas to avoid inhalation or skin contact. While GO is generally less hazardous than carbon nanotubes, its long-term biological effects are under study. Store GO in sealed containers away from moisture and strong oxidizers to prevent degradation. Aqueous dispersions should be kept at 4–25°C with stabilizers to avoid aggregation. For large-scale storage, inert atmospheres (e.g., nitrogen) are recommended to maintain stability.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing graphene oxide, prioritize suppliers with ISO certification and batch-to-batch consistency reports. Key specifications include oxygen content (measured by XPS or elemental analysis), layer count (via AFM or TEM), and defect density (Raman spectroscopy). For bulk orders, request samples to test dispersion stability and compatibility with your application. Prices vary widely based on purity (e.g., 95% vs. 99%) and form (powder vs. dispersion). Consider eco-friendly suppliers if sustainability is a priority. Lead times can range from weeks to months for customized grades.
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