Overview
Glyoxal is the simplest dialdehyde, consisting of two aldehyde groups bonded to adjacent carbon atoms. Industrially, it is produced by oxidizing acetaldehyde or ethylene glycol. Its high reactivity stems from the electrophilic carbonyl groups, enabling widespread use as a crosslinking agent. Commercial glyoxal is typically sold as a 40% aqueous solution stabilized with methanol (1-10%) to prevent polymerization. Major producers include BASF, Huntsman, and WeylChem, with global capacity exceeding 200,000 tons annually.
Physical and Chemical Properties
As a liquid, glyoxal exhibits low volatility (vapor pressure: 18 mmHg at 20°C) but readily absorbs moisture. The pure form tends to polymerize, forming white crystalline solids. Its pH in solution is typically 2-3 due to partial oxidation to glyoxylic acid. Chemically, glyoxal reacts with nucleophiles like amines (Mannich reactions) and hydroxyl groups (acetal formation). It undergoes Cannizzaro disproportionation in strong alkali, producing glycolic acid and glyoxylic acid. These properties make it valuable for modifying biomolecules and synthetic polymers.
Main Applications
In textiles, glyoxal provides durable press finishes for cotton by crosslinking cellulose fibers, reducing shrinkage and wrinkles. The paper industry uses it to enhance wet-strength resins (e.g., with polyvinyl alcohol). Other applications include leather tanning, oilfield biocides, and as a precursor for imidazoles (pharmaceutical intermediates). Emerging uses involve slow-release fertilizers and wood adhesives, leveraging its ability to form covalent bonds with urea and lignin.
Safety and Storage
Glyoxal solutions are classified as Skin Corr. 1B (H314) under CLP regulations. Proper handling requires nitrile gloves, goggles, and fume hoods. Spills should be neutralized with sodium bisulfite before rinsing. Storage tanks should be stainless steel (SS316) or polyethylene-lined. Avoid contact with strong oxidizers (e.g., peroxides) and amines, which can cause exothermic reactions. Shelf life is typically 6-12 months when stored below 30°C in original containers.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should specify: 1) Concentration (40% is standard), 2) Stabilizer content (methanol affects downstream use), 3) Acidity (lower pH indicates freshness), and 4) Color (APHA <100 for quality). Bulk shipments (ISO tanks or drums) offer cost savings but require proper temperature control during transit. For spot purchases, verify certificates of analysis for formaldehyde content (<0.1%) and iron impurities (<5 ppm) that may catalyze degradation.
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