Overview
Gamma-Cyclodextrin (γ-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide composed of eight glucose units linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is part of the cyclodextrin family, known for their unique ability to form host-guest inclusion complexes with hydrophobic molecules. This property makes γ-CD invaluable in pharmaceuticals, where it improves the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Unlike its counterparts (α- and β-cyclodextrin), γ-CD has a larger cavity size, enabling it to accommodate bulkier drug molecules. It is produced enzymatically from starch via cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase). Its biocompatibility and non-toxicity have led to widespread use in drug formulations, particularly for oral and injectable medications.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Gamma-Cyclodextrin is a white, crystalline powder with a solubility of approximately 23 g/100 mL in water at room temperature. Its molecular structure features a toroidal shape with a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic central cavity, facilitating the encapsulation of lipophilic compounds. The compound decomposes around 280°C without a distinct melting point. Key chemical properties include its high stability in alkaline conditions and susceptibility to acid hydrolysis. Its complexation efficiency is pH-dependent, with optimal performance in neutral to slightly alkaline environments. The molecular weight of 1297.12 g/mol and its cyclic nature contribute to its low osmotic activity, making it suitable for parenteral formulations.
Main Applications
In pharmaceuticals, γ-CD is primarily used to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, such as antifungals, anti-inflammatories, and anticancer agents. It forms stable inclusion complexes that protect drugs from degradation and reduce side effects (e.g., irritation). Notable examples include its use in itraconazole and paclitaxel formulations. Beyond pharmaceuticals, γ-CD is employed in food industries as a flavor stabilizer and in cosmetics to improve the delivery of active ingredients. Its ability to mask unpleasant odors and tastes also makes it useful in nutraceuticals. Research is ongoing for applications in nanotechnology and targeted drug delivery systems.
Safety and Storage
Gamma-Cyclodextrin is classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for oral consumption by regulatory bodies like the FDA and EFSA. It exhibits low toxicity, with LD50 values exceeding 5 g/kg in rodents. However, inhalation of powder should be avoided, and standard lab practices (gloves, goggles) are recommended during handling. Storage requires protection from moisture and light to prevent clumping or degradation. Ideal conditions include airtight containers in a cool (15-25°C), dry environment. Bulk quantities should be palletized to minimize exposure to humidity. Shelf life typically exceeds two years when stored properly.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring γ-CD, prioritize suppliers with certifications such as GMP, ISO 9001, or USP/EP compliance to ensure pharmaceutical-grade quality. Key specifications to verify include purity (≥98%), residual solvent levels, and microbiological limits. Request certificates of analysis (CoA) for each batch. Pricing varies based on quantity (bulk discounts) and purity. For reference, 1 kg of 98% purity γ-CD costs approximately $50-$100, while higher purity (≥99.5%) may exceed $150/kg. Consider partnering with manufacturers offering custom complexation services for tailored drug formulations. Logistics should account for humidity-controlled shipping for large orders.
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