Overview
Fumaric acid (藤子酸) is a naturally occurring organic acid found in plants like Fumaria officinalis, though industrial production typically uses chemical synthesis from maleic acid. As a food additive (E297), it serves as an acidity regulator with antimicrobial properties. Its rigid trans-configuration distinguishes it from maleic acid and contributes to its stability in high-temperature applications. The chemical industry values fumaric acid for its role as a precursor in unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs), accounting for approximately 60% of global consumption. Its non-hygroscopic nature makes it preferable to citric or tartaric acids in dry mix formulations.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Fumaric acid exhibits unique thermodynamic properties due to its symmetrical trans-double bond configuration. It sublimes rather than boiling, decomposing at 287°C. The acid shows limited water solubility compared to its cis-isomer (maleic acid), but dissolves readily in alcohol and acetone. Its pKa values of 3.03 and 4.44 make it a moderately strong dicarboxylic acid. The crystalline structure provides excellent shelf stability, with no known hydrate forms. Industrial grades typically specify particle sizes between 50-200 mesh for optimal handling characteristics.
Main Applications
In food technology, fumaric acid enhances sourness in beverages (0.003-0.5% concentration) while inhibiting mold growth in baked goods. Pharmaceutical applications include its use as an excipient in effervescent tablets and as a starting material for L-aspartic acid production. The polymer industry utilizes over 200,000 metric tons annually as a reactive monomer in alkyd resins. Emerging applications include bio-based plasticizers and metal fumarate frameworks (MOFs) for gas storage. Agricultural uses include acidification of livestock feed to improve nutrient absorption.
Safety and Storage
Classified as a Category 3 irritant, fumaric acid requires standard industrial hygiene practices. Dust control measures are essential during handling to prevent respiratory irritation (TLV 10 mg/m³). Storage in polyethylene-lined bags prevents moisture absorption. While generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use, concentrated solutions may cause skin irritation. Spills should be neutralized with alkaline solutions (e.g., sodium bicarbonate) before disposal. Bulk storage temperatures should not exceed 40°C to prevent sublimation losses.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should specify required certifications: FCC grade for food applications, USP for pharmaceuticals, or technical grade for polymer production. Key quality indicators include heavy metal content (<10 ppm) and maleic acid impurities (<0.1%). Asian manufacturers dominate production, with shipping typically in 25kg bags or 1-ton super sacks. Just-in-time purchasing is recommended due to stable pricing, though contracts may be advantageous for quantities exceeding 20 metric tons. Sample testing should verify particle size distribution for automated dosing systems.
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