Overview
Eosin is a brominated derivative of fluorescein, first synthesized in 1871. It belongs to the xanthene dye family and is widely recognized for its vivid red-pink color. In biological staining, it is typically paired with hematoxylin (H&E staining) to provide contrast to cell structures. As an acidic dye, eosin binds to basic components like proteins, making it indispensable in pathology labs for tissue examination. Beyond microscopy, it finds use in cosmetics, inks, and as a pH indicator due to its color-changing properties.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Eosin Y (the disodium salt form) exhibits bright fluorescence under blue or UV light, enhancing its utility in fluorescence microscopy. The dye is stable at room temperature but degrades upon prolonged exposure to strong light or oxidizing agents. Its solubility varies with pH, forming different colored complexes. In acidic conditions (pH <2), it appears orange-yellow, while alkaline solutions (pH >10) turn deep red. This property is leveraged in staining protocols to differentiate tissue components.
Main Applications
Over 90% of eosin consumption is for H&E staining in histopathology, where it highlights cytoplasmic filaments and extracellular fibers. It is also used in Romanowsky-Giemsa stains for blood smears. Industrial applications include red ink production (especially for fountain pens), paper dyeing, and as a colorant in some lipsticks. In research, eosin serves as a tracer in permeability studies and a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy experiments.
Safety and Storage
Eosin powder is a mild irritant; gloves and goggles are recommended during handling. Spills should be contained with inert absorbents, not washed away with water to prevent environmental contamination. For long-term storage, keep containers tightly sealed in cool, dark conditions. Solutions are prone to fungal growth; adding 1% phenol or storing at 4°C extends shelf life. Always check for precipitate formation before use.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should specify dye content (typically 85-95%), with higher purity grades needed for diagnostic applications. Bulk purchases (25kg drums) commonly cost 20-30% less per unit than retail packaging. Verify compliance with relevant standards (e.g., USP for medical use, Reagent Grade for labs). Key suppliers include Sigma-Aldrich, Thermo Fisher, and regional chemical distributors. Lead times vary from 1 week (stock items) to 4 weeks for custom formulations.
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