Overview
DOPE-PEG-NH2 is a synthetic phospholipid-polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugate, where the PEG chain is terminated with a primary amine group (-NH2). This molecular design merges the membrane-fusion properties of DOPE with the stealth characteristics of PEG, while the amine group enables covalent coupling to targeting ligands or therapeutic payloads. It is particularly valuable in nanomedicine for constructing long-circulating, targetable drug carriers. The PEG segment reduces opsonization and macrophage uptake, while DOPE promotes endosomal escape in intracellular delivery applications. The -NH2 group allows further functionalization via NHS ester or other amine-reactive chemistry.
Physical and Chemical Properties
As an amphiphilic molecule, DOPE-PEG-NH2 self-assembles into micelles or integrates into lipid bilayers. The hydrophobic DOPE moiety anchors in membranes, while the hydrophilic PEG extends outward, creating a protective hydration layer. The amine group (pKa ~8-9) is protonated at physiological pH, enabling ionic interactions. Critical parameters include PEG chain length (commonly 2000-5000 Da) and amine substitution efficiency (>95% for optimal conjugation). Thermal properties resemble DOPE's phase transition (~ -16°C), but PEG increases aqueous stability. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirms nanoparticle sizes of 100-200 nm when formulated into liposomes.
Main Applications
1) Targeted cancer therapy: Conjugated with antibodies for tumor-specific liposomes (e.g., DOXIL® analogs). 2) Gene delivery: Combines with cationic lipids for DNA/RNA complexes, where DOPE enhances endosomal release. 3) Diagnostic imaging: Links to fluorescent dyes or radiotracers for theranostics. In vaccine development, it stabilizes antigen-loaded liposomes and promotes dendritic cell uptake. Industrial uses include biosensor coatings and enzyme immobilization matrices. Recent research explores CRISPR-Cas9 delivery and mRNA vaccine formulations leveraging its fusogenic properties.
Safety and Storage
DOPE-PEG-NH2 is generally non-toxic at working concentrations (IC50 >100 μM in most cell lines), but endotoxin contamination must be <0.1 EU/mg for in vivo use. Decomposition occurs above 60°C or under prolonged light exposure. Storage requires argon/vacuum sealing with desiccants to prevent oxidation (DOPE's unsaturated bonds are sensitive). Solutions in chloroform should be used within 3 months. For long-term stability, lyophilized powders are preferred. Always confirm amine reactivity via TNBS or fluorescamine assays before critical conjugations.
B2B Procurement Guide
Key specifications to request: 1) PEG molecular weight distribution (e.g., 3400±10%), 2) amine content (μmol/g), 3) residual solvent levels (chloroform <50 ppm), 4) HPLC purity (>95%). Bulk orders (100g+) may cost 30-50% less per gram. Lead times vary: 2-4 weeks for standard PEG lengths, longer for custom modifications. Partner with GMP-certified suppliers for clinical-grade material. Consider requesting COA with MALDI-TOF and 1H NMR data for verification. Some vendors offer pre-formulated liposome kits containing DOPE-PEG-NH2 for faster R&D workflows.
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