Overview
Ethylene glycol (EG) is a dihydric alcohol belonging to the glycol family, characterized by two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to adjacent carbon atoms. It was first synthesized in 1859 and became commercially significant in the early 20th century as an antifreeze replacement for toxic methanol. Today, it is a cornerstone of the petrochemical industry, with global production exceeding 25 million metric tons annually. EG is primarily manufactured via ethylene oxide hydration, a catalytic process yielding high purity. Its versatility stems from its ability to lower water’s freezing point and serve as a precursor for polymers like polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Despite its utility, EG’s toxicity necessitates strict handling protocols.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Ethylene glycol is a viscous liquid with a high boiling point (197.3°C) and low volatility, making it ideal for heat-transfer applications. Its density (1.113 g/cm³) and hygroscopic nature allow it to absorb moisture from the environment, which can dilute solutions if not stored properly. EG’s sweet taste is a notable hazard, as it can attract accidental ingestion. Chemically, EG reacts with acids to form esters and oxidizes to glycolic or oxalic acid. It exhibits moderate viscosity (16.1 mPa·s at 25°C) and a freezing point of -12.9°C, though aqueous mixtures can depress freezing to -50°C. These properties are critical for antifreeze formulations and industrial cooling systems.
Main Applications
Over 50% of EG production is used in antifreeze and coolant formulations for automotive and aviation industries, where it prevents engine freeze and corrosion. Another major application is polyester synthesis, particularly PET for plastic bottles and textiles, accounting for ~40% of global demand. EG also serves as a deicing agent for runways, a solvent in paints, and a humectant in cosmetics. In natural gas processing, it removes water vapor to prevent pipeline hydrate formation. Emerging uses include thermal energy storage and as a component in lithium-ion battery electrolytes, though these niches represent smaller market segments.
Safety and Storage
Ethylene glycol is classified as toxic (LD50 ~1.4 g/kg in rats) and requires hazard-compliant labeling (GHS07, GHS08). Ingestion can lead to metabolic acidosis, renal failure, and death without prompt treatment (antidote: fomepizole or ethanol). Inhalation risks are low due to low vapor pressure, but aerosol exposure should be avoided. Storage demands airtight containers (stainless steel or HDPE) in cool, ventilated areas, segregated from oxidizers like peroxides. Spills must be contained with inert absorbents (vermiculite) and reported per local regulations. Personnel handling EG should wear nitrile gloves, chemical goggles, and respirators if misting occurs.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing ethylene glycol, prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 or Responsible Care® certifications to ensure quality and regulatory compliance. Key specifications include purity (≥99.5%), water content (<0.1%), and acidity (as acetic acid, <0.003%). Industrial-grade EG typically ships in 200kg drums, IBC totes, or bulk tankers. Prices fluctuate with crude oil and ethylene feedstock costs, with regional variations (e.g., Asia-Pacific often offers competitive rates). Long-term contracts may provide stability. For niche applications like battery-grade EG, expect premiums of 20-30%. Always audit supplier safety data sheets (SDS) and transportation compliance (UN 3082 for hazardous liquids).
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