Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Overview
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH₃)₂SO. First synthesized in 1866, it gained industrial prominence in the mid-20th century for its unique solvent properties. DMSO is colorless, odorless (at high purity), and exhibits remarkable solubility for both polar and nonpolar substances. It is commercially produced as a byproduct of kraft pulping or via oxidation of dimethyl sulfide. Its ability to penetrate biological membranes makes it invaluable in pharmaceuticals, particularly as a carrier for drug delivery. Industrial applications range from electronics manufacturing to petrochemical processing.
Physical and Chemical Properties
DMSO is a polar aprotic solvent with a high dielectric constant (ε=47.2), enabling it to dissolve a wide array of compounds, including salts, polymers, and resins. It is hygroscopic and readily absorbs water from the atmosphere, which can alter its properties if not stored properly. The compound has a low melting point (18.5°C) and boils at 189°C. Its density (1.10 g/cm³) and viscosity are moderate, facilitating easy handling. DMSO is thermally stable but can decompose under extreme conditions, releasing sulfur oxides. Its chemical inertness with many reagents makes it a preferred medium for reactions.
Main Applications
In pharmaceuticals, DMSO serves as a solvent for APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) and enhances transdermal drug absorption. It is FDA-approved for treating interstitial cystitis. Cryopreservation relies on DMSO to protect cells during freezing, especially in stem cell and organ storage. Industrially, DMSO is used in fiber spinning, paint stripping, and as a reaction solvent for pesticides or dyes. In electronics, it aids in photoresist removal. Emerging research explores its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential in veterinary and human medicine.
Safety and Storage
DMSO is generally low-toxicity but can cause skin irritation, redness, or garlic-like breath odor due to rapid absorption. Always use nitrile gloves and fume hoods when handling. Ingestion or prolonged exposure requires medical attention. Store DMSO in sealed glass or polyethylene containers, away from oxidizers (e.g., peroxides) and moisture. Label containers clearly and keep them in cool, ventilated areas. Bulk storage tanks should be grounded to prevent static discharge.
B2B Procurement Guide
For pharmaceutical-grade DMSO (≥99.9% purity), prioritize suppliers with USP/EP certification. Industrial-grade (≥99%) suits non-critical applications. Request COA (Certificate of Analysis) for each batch, checking water content and impurities. Bulk purchases (drums or tankers) reduce costs but require proper transport with UN/NA 1993 labeling. Evaluate suppliers for ISO 9001 compliance and track record in your industry. Spot-check deliveries for clarity and odor (impurities may cause fishy smells).
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