Overview
2,3-Dichlorophenol (90-59-5) is a chlorinated derivative of phenol with two chlorine atoms at the 2 and 3 positions of the benzene ring. It serves as a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis, particularly for manufacturing higher-value chemicals. Industrial production typically involves direct chlorination of phenol under controlled conditions. The compound falls under the category of halogenated phenols, which are known for their antimicrobial properties and electron-withdrawing characteristics. These properties make it valuable for subsequent reactions in specialty chemical production.
Physical and Chemical Properties
As a crystalline solid, 2,3-dichlorophenol exhibits moderate solubility in polar organic solvents but limited water solubility (approximately 2-3 g/L at 20°C). Its melting point range of 55-58°C allows for easy handling in liquid phase during industrial processes. The presence of chlorine atoms increases its molecular weight compared to phenol while reducing volatility (vapor pressure: ~0.03 mmHg at 25°C). Chemically, the compound demonstrates typical phenol reactivity, including susceptibility to electrophilic aromatic substitution and formation of ethers/esters. The chlorine substituents direct further substitutions to specific positions on the aromatic ring, making it useful for regioselective synthesis.
Main Applications
Primary use cases include serving as a building block for agrochemicals such as herbicides and fungicides, where its chlorine atoms enhance biological activity. In pharmaceuticals, it's employed in synthesizing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with antimicrobial properties. The dye industry utilizes it to produce colorants with improved lightfastness. Emerging applications include its use in liquid crystal materials and as a monomer for specialty polymers. Some formulations incorporate 2,3-dichlorophenol as a preservative in industrial products, though this use is declining due to environmental concerns.
Safety and Storage
As a Category 3 acute toxicant (oral), proper handling requires PPE including nitrile gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection for dust exposure. The compound may form toxic chlorine gases when heated to decomposition (>220°C). Storage areas should be equipped with secondary containment and incompatible materials (strong oxidizers, bases) must be segregated. For transportation, it's classified as UN 2020 (Phenol, solid, toxic). Bulk storage recommendations include climate-controlled warehouses with inert atmosphere options for sensitive applications. Shelf life typically exceeds 2 years when stored in original sealed containers.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should prioritize suppliers who provide comprehensive technical data sheets with HPLC purity analysis (typically 98-99.5%). Packaging options range from 25kg fiber drums to 500kg intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), with price breaks available for multi-ton orders. Key procurement considerations include batch-to-batch consistency, residual solvent levels, and heavy metal content specifications. Leading manufacturing regions include China, India, and Western Europe. Quality certifications to verify include ISO 9001 and REACH compliance. Many suppliers offer just-in-time delivery programs for regular customers, with MOQs commonly starting at 100kg.
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