Overview
Indoline, also known as 2,3-dihydroindole, is a heterocyclic organic compound with a fused benzene and pyrrolidine ring. It serves as a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis, particularly in the pharmaceutical and dye industries. Its structure allows for further functionalization, making it valuable for constructing complex molecules. Indoline is commercially available as a colorless to pale yellow liquid. It is synthesized through the hydrogenation of indole or via other reduction methods. Due to its reactivity, it is often used in the production of indole derivatives and other nitrogen-containing compounds.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Indoline is a liquid at room temperature with a density of 1.06 g/cm³. It has a melting point of -21 °C and a boiling point of 220-221 °C. The compound is soluble in common organic solvents like ethanol and ether but only slightly soluble in water. Chemically, indoline features a secondary amine group, which makes it reactive toward acylating and alkylating agents. Its aromatic ring system contributes to its stability and suitability for electrophilic substitution reactions. These properties make it a preferred intermediate for synthesizing pharmaceuticals and dyes.
Main Applications
Indoline is primarily used as an intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry for producing drugs such as antihypertensives and antipsychotics. Its derivatives are also employed in dye manufacturing, where they contribute to vibrant colors and lightfastness. In agrochemicals, indoline-based compounds serve as precursors for herbicides and insecticides. Additionally, it is used in research and development for creating novel organic materials and catalysts. The demand for indoline is driven by its versatility and efficiency in multi-step synthetic processes.
Safety and Storage
Indoline is classified as an irritant and should be handled with care. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and goggles, is recommended to avoid skin and eye contact. Inhalation of vapors should be minimized by working in a well-ventilated area. Storage conditions require a cool, dry environment away from oxidizers and heat sources. Containers should be tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption and degradation. In case of spills, absorb with inert material and dispose of according to local regulations.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring indoline, buyers should prioritize purity (typically ≥98% for industrial applications) and supplier reliability. Certificates of Analysis (CoA) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliance are critical for pharmaceutical-grade purchases. Bulk orders may offer cost advantages, but ensure storage capacity aligns with shelf-life considerations. Pricing varies based on purity, quantity, and supplier location, with reference ranges of $50-$150 per kg. Establish long-term supplier relationships to ensure consistent quality and availability.
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