Overview
Heavy water (D₂O) is a chemically stable isotope of water where hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium. It was first isolated in 1932 and has since become critical in nuclear technology and scientific research. Unlike regular water, its unique properties make it invaluable as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors. Due to its higher mass, heavy water exhibits different physical properties such as higher density and boiling point. These characteristics are exploited in various industrial and research applications, particularly where precise control of nuclear reactions is required.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Heavy water has a molecular weight of 20.0276 g/mol, significantly higher than regular water (18.015 g/mol). Its density at 20°C is 1.107 g/cm³, compared to 0.998 g/cm³ for H₂O. The melting and boiling points are also elevated at 3.82°C and 101.4°C, respectively. Chemically, D₂O behaves similarly to H₂O but reacts more slowly in certain chemical and biological processes. This kinetic isotope effect is leveraged in mechanistic studies and isotopic labeling experiments.
Main Applications
The primary use of heavy water is as a neutron moderator in pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs), such as the CANDU design. Its low neutron absorption cross-section allows efficient fission reactions with natural uranium fuel. In research, D₂O is used for NMR spectroscopy, neutron scattering studies, and tracing metabolic pathways. It also serves as a precursor for deuterated compounds in pharmaceuticals and organic chemistry.
Safety and Storage
While heavy water is not highly toxic, prolonged consumption can disrupt cellular processes due to kinetic isotope effects. Occupational exposure limits are typically set at 5-10% body water replacement. Storage requires chemically inert containers (e.g., borosilicate glass or stainless steel) with minimal headspace to prevent isotopic exchange with atmospheric moisture. Nuclear-grade D₂O demands stringent purity controls and documentation.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should prioritize suppliers with ISO-certified production facilities and batch-specific certificates of analysis. Key specifications include isotopic purity (typically 99.8-99.98 atom% D), electrical conductivity, and trace element content. For nuclear applications, verify compliance with ASTM E265-15 standards. Bulk purchases (100+ kg) often qualify for tiered pricing, but transport regulations for deuterated materials may apply.
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