Overview
d-Limonene is a naturally occurring terpene found in the rinds of citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and limes. It is a chiral molecule, with the (R)-enantiomer being the more common form found in nature. d-Limonene is prized for its pleasant citrus aroma and versatile solvent properties, making it a valuable raw material in multiple industries. Due to its biodegradability and low toxicity, d-Limonene is increasingly used as an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based solvents. Its applications range from food and fragrance to industrial cleaning and even pest control.
Physical and Chemical Properties
d-Limonene is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid with a strong citrus scent. It is hydrophobic, meaning it does not mix with water but is highly soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and ether. The compound has a relatively low boiling point of 176°C and a density of 0.84 g/cm³, making it less dense than water. Chemically, d-Limonene is classified as a monoterpene, consisting of two isoprene units. It is highly volatile and flammable, requiring careful handling and storage. Its reactivity includes participation in Diels-Alder reactions and oxidation, which can lead to the formation of limonene oxide or carveol under specific conditions.
Main Applications
In the food industry, d-Limonene is used as a flavoring agent due to its natural citrus flavor. It is commonly found in beverages, candies, and baked goods. The fragrance industry utilizes d-Limonene in perfumes, soaps, and household cleaners for its fresh, citrusy aroma. Industrially, d-Limonene serves as a powerful solvent and degreaser, particularly in cleaning products and paint strippers. It is also used in the production of adhesives, resins, and even as a precursor for other chemicals like carvone and terpineol. Recent research explores its potential in green chemistry and as a bio-based feedstock.
Safety and Storage
d-Limonene is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for use in food and cosmetics by regulatory agencies like the FDA. However, it can cause skin and eye irritation upon direct contact, and inhalation of vapors may lead to respiratory discomfort. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and goggles should be used when handling. Storage of d-Limonene requires attention to its flammable nature. It should be kept in tightly sealed containers away from heat sources, sparks, and open flames. Storage areas should be well-ventilated, and quantities should be minimized to reduce fire hazards. Compatibility with storage materials should also be considered, as d-Limonene can degrade certain plastics and rubbers.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring d-Limonene for industrial use, buyers should prioritize suppliers who can provide certificates of analysis (CoA) to verify purity and composition. Technical and safety data sheets are essential for compliance and safe handling. Bulk purchases typically offer cost savings, but storage capabilities must align with safety requirements. Quality parameters to consider include optical purity (enantiomeric excess of the d-isomer), residual solvent levels, and absence of contaminants. Buyers should also evaluate suppliers based on their ability to provide consistent quality, reliable logistics, and adherence to environmental and safety regulations. For sustainable sourcing, consider suppliers offering bio-based or food-grade d-Limonene derived from waste citrus peels.
Related Manufacturers
- 主营：甜橙油、柠檬油、西柚油、柠檬烯、橘子油、丁香油
- 主营：氯化氢乙醇、二苯基硅二醇、甲基磺酸铋、柠烯、阻燃剂DDP、萃取剂、HTPB、防老剂
- 主营：防老剂、香精香料、乳化剂、柠烯、壳聚糖
- 主营：甘氨酸、甘氨酰、胰酵素、D柠烯、蒽甲酯、喹烯酮、黄蒿油、十五醛、碳酸镧、酰氨酸、芹菜酮、赖氨酸、980卡波、香气醇、百部酮、海蓝腈、高哌嗪、氯戊烷、苯二甲、姜黄素、三氮唑、雌三醇、溴氯苯、橙花素、纯吲哚、抗氧剂
- 主营：氯化钠、除味剂、聚乙烯胺、2-丁二醇、5-甲氧基色胺、二羟醋酸、肌氨基酸、聚乙烯铵、米诺地尔、醋酸亚铁、一水肌酸、树苔浸膏、纳米勃姆石、花椒油树脂、醋酸氯己定、糊状叶绿素、无味子醇甲、三硬脂酸铝、聚乙烯亚胺、胡椒基丁醚、全氟三丁胺、聚酰亚胺树脂、人造康酿克油、有机硅季铵盐、氯化十六吡啶
- 主营：阻燃剂、催化剂、水杨酸、二苯基、酰亚胺、正磷酸、烟酰胺、曲酸粉、氯化锌、异丙醇、化妆品、初油酸、脂肪醇、生石灰、甲基异、碳酸锌、碳酸锂、活性炭、乙二胺、三氮唑、着色剂、环己酮、防冻液、抗氧剂、亚磷酸
- 主营：中间体、香精香料、催化剂、有机原料、有机硅、表面活性剂
- 主营：叔碳酸、十八醛、溶菌酶、2-甲基丁醛、10-羟基羊蜡酸、海藻糖、癸二醇、氨基丙基、氢路噻嗪、邻苯二甲、乙基碳二、羟基癸酸、正十七烷、谷胱甘肽、烷二甲醇、松果体素、vc磷酸酯镁、朱栾倍半萜、丁烷四乙酸、表面活性剂、癸烷撑二醇、缩水甘油邻、氢氯噻嗪杂质、盐酸邻菲罗啉、壳聚糖季铵盐
- 主营：散热板、制冷剂、清洗剂、柠烯、五氟丁烷、电子氟化液
- 主营：树脂合、木质素、分析纯、化学试剂、涂覆金属、己二醇酯、油墨pu树脂、水性pu树脂、二乙二醇酯、二酸二甲酯、聚酯多元醇、树脂固化剂、水性聚氨酯、聚酰胺树脂、聚氨酯树脂、聚氨酯弹性体、水性喷墨打印、聚碳酸酯二醇、面料柔软整理、己二酸乙二醇、改性聚酰亚胺
- 主营：邻苯甲酰苯甲酸、偶联剂、硅烷偶联剂、6-萘二羧酸、kh-602、十八硫醇、碳酸铯、胆酸钠、脱氧胆酸钠、去氧胆酸钠、去氢胆酸、溴代丙二醛、茶籽油、聚钨酸钠、氰乙酸甲酯、沙棘籽油、乙酰氧基氮杂环丁酮、桔子油、亚麻油、柠檬桉醇、芳樟醇、二氟苯胺、萃取剂、乙酰氧基苯乙烯
- 主营：丁烯酯、甘氨酸、甲酸镍、柠烯、乙酸镁、阻燃剂、乙酸镉、木香油、酸性橙、西瓜酮、硫酸锌、硫酸锆、硫酸锂、杨梅酯、百里酚、硫酸锶、硫酸锰、二苯胍、十八酸、紫苏葶、聚合物、肌氨酸、卡必醇、碳酸镧、褪黑素、磷酸铁
- 主营：百里香酚、戊基黄药、矿物浮选剂
- 主营：硫酸汞、硝酸汞、雷尼镍、柠烯、二十烷、丁二酸、硫化银、正己醇、硫酸镉、铋酸钠、苯甲醇、硅酸钠、正辛酸、硫酸镁、磷钨酸、滑石粉、草酸锡、蓖麻油、椰子油、钒试剂、异辛醇
- 主营：科隆试剂、罗恩试剂、金刚烷醇、1-苯丙醇、1-萘甲醚、1-溴十八烷、2-恶唑烷酮、1-甲酰哌啶、2-氟苯甲醛、2-甲基吡嗪、2-氮己环酮、1-溴金刚烷、阿拉丁试剂、麦克林试剂、科密欧试剂、大小化工试剂
- 主营：对甲基苯丙酮、金属钙、氢化钙、1-氨基哌啶、1-萘甲酸、间苯三酚、氢化锂、五氧化二钒、偏钒酸铵、己二酸二钠、氢化锂铝、丁二酮肟、硫氰酸铅、乙醇钠
- 主营：捕收剂、液体聚硫橡胶、染料中间体、药物合成原料、扩链剂、催化剂、交联剂、稳定剂、辅助剂、中间体、碳酸镍、抗氧化剂、乙酰丙酮锰、羟基保护剂、表面活性剂、四甲基氯化铵、分子筛模板剂、溶剂型防锈漆、四乙基氯化铵、正癸基硫酸钠、氧化石蜡皂、水杨羟肟酸、阻聚剂706、克利夫酸