Conical Lens

Updated: 2026-07-15

Overview

A conical lens, or axicon, is a specialized optical element characterized by a conical surface rather than a spherical or flat one. Unlike conventional lenses that focus light to a point, conical lenses create ring-shaped intensity distributions or non-diffracting Bessel beams along the optical axis. Invented in the 1950s, they are critical in applications requiring extended depth-of-focus or annular illumination patterns. The design typically involves a transparent substrate (glass or plastic) with a precisely machined conical slope. The apex angle determines the beam transformation properties, with common angles ranging from 0.5° to 30°. Manufacturers often apply anti-reflective coatings to minimize losses at specific wavelengths.

Structure and Working Principle

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Conical lenses feature a rotationally symmetric conical surface on one or both sides. When a collimated laser beam passes through the lens, refraction at the conical interface redirects light inward, forming a ring-shaped pattern at a certain distance (near-field) or a Bessel beam in the far-field. The central intensity peak of a Bessel beam maintains its profile over longer distances compared to Gaussian beams. The working principle relies on Snell’s law, with the conical angle defining the beam’s divergence. For example, a 5° apex angle axicon generates a Bessel beam with a propagation distance proportional to the beam diameter divided by the tangent of the angle. This unique behavior enables applications like laser drilling and optical trapping.

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Key Features

Conical lenses excel in creating optical effects unachievable with standard lenses. Their ability to generate Bessel beams—which resist diffraction over extended distances—makes them invaluable for laser machining and biological imaging. The annular beam output is ideal for alignment systems in semiconductor lithography. Customization options include apex angles (typically 1°–20°), diameters (5–100 mm), and substrate materials optimized for UV, visible, or IR wavelengths. High-end variants offer λ/4 surface accuracy and <0.5% wavefront distortion. Plastic axicons (e.g., PMMA) provide cost-effective solutions for low-power applications.

Application Areas

In industrial settings, conical lenses are used for laser ring marking, hole drilling, and 3D sensing systems. The annular beam profile ensures uniform energy distribution, critical for precision engraving. Medical applications include optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser surgery, where Bessel beams enable deeper tissue penetration with minimal scattering. Research laboratories employ axicons in optical tweezers to manipulate microscopic particles without physical contact. Emerging uses include LiDAR systems and quantum optics experiments. Their versatility also extends to alignment tools for particle accelerators and telescope collimation.

Maintenance and Precautions

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To preserve optical performance, handle conical lenses with clean, lint-free gloves or vacuum wands. Avoid touching the conical surface, as fingerprints can cause scattering or absorption issues. Store lenses in dry, dust-free containers with protective padding to prevent chipping. Cleaning requires gentle methods: use compressed air to remove dust, followed by optical-grade solvent and lens tissue for smudges. Avoid abrasive cleaners. For coated variants, verify compatibility with cleaning agents to prevent coating degradation. Regularly inspect for scratches or delamination affecting beam quality.

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B2B Procurement Guide

When sourcing conical lenses, specify the apex angle (±0.1° tolerance), substrate material (e.g., N-BK7 for 350–2000 nm), and coating requirements (e.g., AR@1064 nm). For high-power lasers, fused silica substrates with high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) coatings are preferred. Diameter and edge thickness should match mounting fixtures. Lead times vary: stock items ship in 1–2 weeks, while custom designs may take 4–8 weeks. Bulk orders (50+ units) often qualify for 10–20% discounts. Verify supplier certifications (ISO 9001, MIL-PRF-13830 for surface quality) and request test reports for transmitted wavefront error and surface roughness.