Overview
Citrate synthase (CS) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, universally present in aerobic organisms. It catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, a central metabolite. Discovered in 1937, CS is now a model enzyme for studying allosteric regulation and metabolic control. The enzyme exists as homodimers in most species, with each subunit containing distinct binding sites for substrates and regulators. Its activity is a key indicator of mitochondrial function, making it valuable for cellular respiration studies and disease research.
Physical and Chemical Properties
As a globular protein, citrate synthase typically exhibits optimal activity at pH 7.5-8.0 and 25-37°C. The pig heart enzyme (a common commercial source) has a molecular weight of ~98 kDa per dimer. Thermal stability is moderate, with rapid denaturation above 60°C. Key structural features include a large cleft for substrate binding and conformational changes upon oxaloacetate binding. The enzyme is inhibited by ATP, NADH, and succinyl-CoA—mechanisms that link TCA cycle activity to cellular energy status. Spectrophotometric assays at 412 nm (DTNB method) are commonly used for activity measurement.
Main Applications
In biotechnology, CS is utilized in metabolic pathway engineering to enhance flux toward citrate-derived products like itaconic acid. Pharmaceutical applications include its use as a biomarker for mitochondrial disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) through activity assays in tissue samples. Industrial-scale applications are limited by cost, but research-grade CS is essential for: 1) TCA cycle reconstitution studies, 2) enzymatic diagnostics (e.g., citrate detection in food/food), and 3) educational kits demonstrating metabolic principles. Engineered thermostable variants are being developed for continuous bioprocessing.
Safety and Storage
While non-toxic, lyophilized CS powder may cause respiratory irritation. Use nitrile gloves and safety goggles when handling. Aqueous solutions are stable for 1 week at 4°C but should avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Long-term storage requires lyophilized form at -20°C with desiccant. Activity loss occurs at room temperature (~5% per month). Contamination by proteases is a major stability concern—verify purity via SDS-PAGE upon receipt. Shipping typically requires cold chain logistics for active enzyme preparations.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing citrate synthase, specify: 1) Source organism (e.g., porcine, E. coli recombinant), 2) Activity (≥3 U/mg standard), and 3) Additives (e.g., glycerol stabilizers). Bulk orders (1g+) may qualify for 15-30% discounts from specialty enzyme suppliers. Key vendors include Sigma-Aldrich (CAS 9027-96-7), Roche Diagnostics, and BioVision. For GMP applications, request certificates of analysis (CoA) with endotoxin testing. Lead times vary: 2-4 weeks for custom recombinant forms versus immediate availability for standard porcine preparations. Consider requesting activity validation data for critical applications.
Related Manufacturers
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化试剂盒、柠檬酸合酶、蛋白、抗体、细胞、检测试剂盒
- 主营：大鼠白介素、小鼠脂联素、表皮生长因子、小鼠柠檬酸合酶、ELISA试剂盒、细胞因子、重组蛋白
- 主营：大鼠柠檬酸合酶ELISAKit、ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、科研试剂
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、高灵敏度试剂盒、试剂盒厂家、人ELISA试剂盒、小鼠ELISA试剂盒、大鼠ELISA试剂盒、仓鼠ELISA试剂盒、豚鼠ELISA试剂盒、鸡ELISA试剂盒、鸭ELISA试剂盒、牛ELISA试剂盒、羊ELISA试剂盒、马ELISA试剂盒、猴ELISA试剂盒、猪ELISA试剂盒、犬ELISA试剂盒、兔ELISA试剂盒、鱼ELISA试剂盒、植物ELISA试剂盒、土壤ELISA试剂盒、定性ELISA试剂盒、肿瘤标志物检测ELISA试剂盒、特种蛋白检测ELISA试剂盒、传染病检测ELISA试剂盒
- 主营：elisa 试剂盒、Elisa试剂盒、进口试剂盒、国产试剂盒、试剂、细胞、ELISA检测试剂盒、酶联免疫法、酶联免疫试剂盒、酶活性检测、酶标仪检测
- 主营：柠檬酸合酶elisa试剂盒、试剂盒、人25羟基维生素、人低氧诱导因子
- 主营：科研试剂盒、酶免试剂盒、elisa试剂盒、植物柠檬酸合酶、细胞、生物试剂、进口ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化测试盒
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化试剂盒、柠檬酸合酶、科研试剂
- 主营：酶cγ链、α2巨球、素d合成、柠檬酸合酶、纤连蛋白、抗组蛋白、肌醇抗体、蛋白样环、敏感蛋白、牛骨钙素、蛋白重链、金属肽酶、乳球蛋白、钩端螺旋、蛋白激酶、高血糖素、钙调蛋白、小鼠α1抗、ELISA试剂盒、pcr检测试剂、生化检测试剂
- 主营：ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、生化试剂盒、柠檬酸合酶ELISA试剂盒、蛋白、抗体、细胞
- 主营：柠檬酸合酶、elisa试剂盒
- 主营：甲基柠檬酸合酶、ELISA试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、科研试剂
- 主营：Elisa试剂盒、检测试剂盒、人elisa试剂盒、柠檬酸合酶、鼠elisa试剂盒、PCR检测试剂盒、生物试剂盒
- 主营：昆虫柠檬酸合酶、Elisa试剂盒、检测试剂盒
- 主营：elisa试剂盒、人elisa试剂盒、小鼠elisa试剂盒、小鼠柠檬酸合酶、大鼠elisa试剂盒、植物elisa试剂盒、鱼elisa试剂盒、猪elisa试剂盒、牛elisa试剂盒、鸡elisa试剂盒、兔elisa试剂盒、犬elisa试剂盒