Overview
Chloroform (trichloromethane) is a dense, volatile organic compound historically used as an anesthetic. Today, it serves primarily as an industrial solvent and intermediate in chemical synthesis. Its ability to dissolve fats, resins, and rubber makes it valuable in pharmaceuticals and polymer processing. Production typically involves the chlorination of methane or chloromethane. Modern uses are strictly regulated due to its toxicity and environmental persistence. Industrial grades often contain stabilizers like ethanol to prevent phosgene formation.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Chloroform is a colorless liquid with a characteristic sweet odor. It is heavier than water (density 1.49 g/cm³) and evaporates readily at room temperature. The compound is non-flammable but decomposes when exposed to light or heat, forming toxic phosgene gas. Its low boiling point (61.2°C) and high volatility necessitate careful handling. Chloroform is slightly soluble in water (0.8 g/100 mL at 20°C) but mixes well with most organic solvents. The hydrogen atom in CHCl₃ makes it weakly acidic, capable of forming hydrogen bonds.
Main Applications
In industry, chloroform is a key solvent for fats, alkaloids, and iodine. It's used to produce refrigerants like R-22 and pharmaceuticals such as chloramphenicol. The polymer industry employs it in PVC plasticization and as a reaction medium. Laboratories use chloroform for DNA/RNA extraction due to its ability to separate biomolecules. Its anesthetic use has been discontinued globally due to toxicity risks. Niche applications include dye manufacturing and pesticide formulation.
Safety and Storage
Chloroform requires stringent safety measures. OSHA limits exposure to 50 ppm (8-hour TWA). Always use in fume hoods with nitrile or neoprene gloves and eye protection. Store in amber glass or resistant plastic containers with tight seals, away from oxidizers and heat sources. Stabilized grades (0.5-1% ethanol) minimize phosgene formation. Never store near alkaline materials or metals like aluminum. Spills should be absorbed with inert material and disposed as hazardous waste according to local regulations.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing chloroform, prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 certification. Specify required purity (typically 99-99.9%) and stabilization method. Bulk purchases (200kg drums or IBCs) offer cost savings but require proper storage infrastructure. Verify SDS documentation includes phosgene inhibitor details. For international shipments, ensure compliance with TSCA (US), REACH (EU), and local chemical control laws. Consider alternatives like dichloromethane for less critical applications to reduce regulatory burdens.