Overview
Calbindin-D28k is a member of the EF-hand calcium-binding protein family, first identified for its vitamin D-dependent expression in the intestine and kidney. It is named for its molecular weight of approximately 28 kilodaltons (kDa). The protein is characterized by six EF-hand calcium-binding domains, though only four are functional in calcium binding. In biological systems, Calbindin-D28k acts as a calcium buffer and sensor, modulating intracellular calcium concentrations and protecting cells from calcium-induced apoptosis. Its expression is particularly abundant in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, distal renal tubules, and pancreatic β-cells, reflecting its diverse physiological roles.
Physical and Chemical Properties
As a soluble cytoplasmic protein, Calbindin-D28k exhibits remarkable stability due to its compact tertiary structure. The protein maintains function across a wide pH range (5.0-9.0) and demonstrates thermal stability up to 60°C, making it suitable for various experimental conditions. Its calcium-binding capacity is exceptionally high, with a dissociation constant (Kd) in the nanomolar range. This high affinity allows it to effectively regulate local calcium concentrations even during neuronal activity. The protein also shows some binding capacity for other divalent cations like magnesium, though with lower affinity compared to calcium.
Main Applications
In neuroscience research, Calbindin-D28k serves as a specific marker for certain neuronal populations, particularly GABAergic interneurons and Purkinje cells. Its immunohistochemical detection helps map neuronal circuits and study neurodegenerative conditions where these cells are affected. The protein has therapeutic potential in neuroprotection strategies. Studies suggest that Calbindin-D28k overexpression can mitigate neuronal damage in conditions like epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and ischemia by buffering excessive calcium influx. Additionally, it serves as a research tool in calcium signaling studies, helping elucidate mechanisms of calcium-dependent processes in excitable cells.
Safety and Storage
As a biological reagent, Calbindin-D28k requires standard biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) precautions. While not classified as hazardous, proper personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat) should be worn to prevent contamination and potential allergic reactions. For long-term storage, lyophilized protein should be kept at -20°C in a moisture-free environment. Reconstituted solutions are typically stable for several weeks at 4°C when sterile-filtered, though adding protease inhibitors may extend stability. Aliquotting is recommended to minimize freeze-thaw cycles that could degrade protein integrity.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing Calbindin-D28k for research or commercial purposes, prioritize suppliers that provide comprehensive characterization data, including mass spectrometry verification and functional activity assays. Recombinant versions (E. coli or mammalian cell-expressed) offer consistency but may lack post-translational modifications present in native protein. Consider application-specific requirements: native protein may be preferable for certain antibody production or structural studies, while recombinant protein often suffices for biochemical assays. Leading suppliers typically offer bulk quantities (10+ mg) at reduced unit costs, with purity guarantees of ≥95% by multiple analytical methods.
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