Overview
Butanol, also known as butyl alcohol, is a four-carbon alcohol with the molecular formula C4H9OH. It exists in four isomeric forms: n-butanol (1-butanol), sec-butanol (2-butanol), isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol), and tert-butanol (2-methyl-2-propanol). Each isomer has distinct physical and chemical properties, making them suitable for different industrial applications. Butanol is primarily produced through petrochemical processes, but bio-based production methods are gaining traction due to environmental concerns. Butanol is widely used as a solvent in various industries, including coatings, adhesives, and chemical synthesis. Its higher energy content compared to ethanol also makes it a promising biofuel candidate. The global demand for butanol is driven by its versatility and the growing interest in sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based solvents.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Butanol is a colorless liquid with a characteristic alcoholic odor. The physical properties vary slightly among the isomers. For example, n-butanol has a boiling point of 117.7°C and a melting point of -89.8°C, while tert-butanol has a higher melting point of 25.5°C due to its symmetrical structure. The density of butanol is approximately 0.81 g/cm³ at 20°C, making it less dense than water. Butanol is miscible with most organic solvents but has limited solubility in water (approximately 7.7% for n-butanol at 20°C). It exhibits good solvent properties for resins, oils, and other organic compounds. Butanol is flammable, with a flash point of around 35°C for n-butanol, and should be handled with care to avoid fire hazards.
Main Applications
Butanol is primarily used as a solvent in the production of coatings, adhesives, and inks. Its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances makes it valuable in formulating paints and varnishes. In the chemical industry, butanol serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of esters, plasticizers, and other derivatives. Another significant application is in the production of butyl acrylate and methacrylate, which are used in paints, coatings, and adhesives. Butanol is also being explored as a biofuel due to its higher energy density and compatibility with existing gasoline infrastructure. Additionally, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food additives.
Safety and Storage
Butanol is a flammable liquid and should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and open flames. Containers should be tightly sealed to prevent evaporation and minimize exposure to air. Proper grounding is essential to avoid static electricity buildup, which could ignite vapors. Exposure to butanol can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Prolonged or repeated contact may lead to dermatitis. Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and goggles, should be worn when handling butanol. In case of spills, absorb with inert material and dispose of according to local regulations. Always consult the material safety data sheet (MSDS) for specific handling instructions.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring butanol for industrial use, it is essential to specify the required isomer and purity level. Technical-grade butanol is suitable for most solvent applications, while higher purity grades may be needed for pharmaceutical or food applications. Verify the supplier's certifications and ensure compliance with relevant industry standards. Consider the packaging options, such as drums, IBCs, or bulk shipments, based on your usage volume. Evaluate the supplier's logistics capabilities to ensure timely delivery and proper handling. Price negotiations should account for volume discounts, but also prioritize reliability and quality. Long-term contracts may offer cost advantages for regular buyers. Always request samples and conduct quality tests before large-scale purchases.
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