Overview
Bitter almond (Prunus dulcis var. amara) is a distinct almond variety cultivated for its kernels, which contain amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside. Unlike sweet almonds, bitter almonds are not consumed raw due to their toxicity. Historically used in traditional medicine, they are now primarily processed for flavorings and pharmaceuticals after rigorous detoxification. The kernels are mechanically pressed or chemically extracted to produce essential oils or powdered forms. Regulatory bodies like the FDA and EFSA strictly control their use in food products, mandating cyanide removal. Bitter almond oil is valued in perfumery for its benzaldehyde content, a key aroma compound.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Bitter almonds are characterized by their high amygdalin content (2–8%), which hydrolyzes into glucose, benzaldehyde, and hydrogen cyanide upon enzymatic action. The kernels exhibit a pale yellow hue and a brittle texture, while refined extracts appear as white powders or clear oils. Amygdalin, the primary active compound, has a molecular weight of 457.43 g/mol and decomposes at ~220°C. The oil’s solubility varies: benzaldehyde-rich fractions dissolve in organic solvents, whereas amygdalin is water-soluble. Density and boiling point data are less relevant due to the compound’s instability under heat.
Main Applications
In the food industry, bitter almond derivatives are used as flavorings in marzipan, liqueurs (e.g., Amaretto), and baked goods after cyanide removal. The pharmaceutical sector employs amygdalin derivatives in cough syrups and topical analgesics, though efficacy debates persist. Cosmetics leverage bitter almond oil for its fragrance in soaps and lotions. Industrial applications include benzaldehyde production for dyes and plastics. Notably, non-detoxified forms are banned in food products globally due to cyanide risks.
Safety and Storage
Raw bitter almonds contain 40–50 mg of hydrogen cyanide per 100g, posing acute toxicity risks. Proper storage in cool, dry environments with airtight sealing prevents moisture-induced amygdalin degradation. Commercial products must meet cyanide residue limits (e.g., <25 ppm under FDA guidelines). Handling requires PPE to avoid inhalation or skin contact with powdered extracts. First aid measures include immediate medical attention for ingestion. Regulatory compliance (e.g., IFRA standards for oils) is critical for B2B transactions.
B2B Procurement Guide
Buyers should prioritize suppliers with ISO 22000 or GMP certification to ensure proper detoxification. Key procurement criteria include amygdalin purity (90–98% for pharma use), cyanide residue certificates, and COA (Certificate of Analysis) for each batch. Prices vary by processing level: kernels cost $10–$50/kg, while pharmaceutical-grade extracts command $100–$300/kg. Bulk purchases (100+ kg) often qualify for 5–15% discounts. Importers must verify compliance with destination regulations (e.g., EU Novel Food approval).
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